Gökhan GÜNGÖR 514101006 (1st Week Unanswered-Terms)

Laser Telemetric Measuring Systems (Metrology) (old definition)

This is a high speed gauging system providing accuracy and repeatability of a contact type gauge with versatility of a non-contact type of gauge. The principle is explained below:

A thin band of laser beam projects from a transmitter to receiver. When an object is placed across the beam, the object casts a shadow. The signal from light entering the receiver is used by the microprocessor to detect the shadow and to calculate the dimension represented by the distance between the edges of the shadow. The system consists of three modules:

(Radhakrishnan P., Subrahmanyan S., Raju V., CAD/CAM/CIM, 3rd Edition, p. 513 )

Laser Telemetric Measuring Systems (Metrology) (new definiton - Better)

This is a high speed gauging system providing accuracy and repeatability of a contact type gauge with versatility of a non-contact type of gauge. The principle is explained below:

A thin band of laser beam projects from a transmitter to receiver. When an object is placed across the beam, the object casts a shadow. The signal from light entering the receiver is used by the microprocessor to detect the shadow and to calculate the dimension represented by the distance between the edges of the shadow.

The system consists of three modules: The system consists of three modules: The system consists of three modules: The system consists of three modules: The system consists of three modules:
i.Transmitter module
ii.Receiver module
iii.Processor electronics

The transmitter module contains a low power He-Ne gas laser and its power supply, a specially designed collimating lens, a synchronous motor, multi-faced reflector prism, a synchronous pulse detector and protective window. This produces a collimated parallel scanning laser beam moving at a high and constant speed. The scanning beam appears as a line of red light. The receiver module collects and photo electrically senses the laser light transmitted past the object being measured. The processor electronics takes the receiver signals and converts them to digital signal and displays the dimensions being gauged.

The information thus collected is processed not only to qualify or classify a part but also can be used to correct the manufacturing process that might have caused the undesirable deviation. This is done automatically without touching the part and without the need for human intervention. The microprocessor actuates precise computer control of continuously manufactured parts. The prompting formats guide the operator regarding the gauge setting. The operational procedures notify the operator in case any error occurs in the system by displaying error message on the CRT terminal. It also keeps the operator informed about the product in the production process, displays, prints out and records the complete measured and analyzed results

(Radhakrishnan P., Subrahmanyan S., Raju V., CAD/CAM/CIM, 3rd Edition, p. 513-514)

Evrim Berk 030060161 1st Week

1-) ROBOTIC ASSEMBLY (previous answer) (group: method) - better one !

Design guidelines for robotic assembly include the following additional considerations.
- Parts should be designed so that they can be gripped and manipulated by the same gripper ( end effector) of the robot.Such a design avoids the need for different grippers.Parts should be made available to the gripper in the proper orientation.
-Assembly that involves threaded fasteners ( bolts , nuts and screws) may be difficult for robots.One exception is the use of self threading screws for sheer metal, plastics, and wooden parts.Also, note that robots easily can handle snap fits, rivers, welds and adhasives.
The development of compliant end effectors and dexterous manipulators has made robotic assembly even more attractive.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing engineering and technology, 5th Edition, p 1185)

ROBOTIC ASSEMBLY (new answer) (group: method)

Assembly and Inspection are growing application areas for industrial robotics. In some respects, they are hybrids of the previous two robot application categories: material handling and processing. Assembly and isnpection applications can involve both the handling of materials and the manipulation of a tool.

The most appealing area fot the application of industrial robotics for assembly is in the production of a mixture of similar products or models in the same workcell or assembly line.

What makes robotics useful in the assembly applications is their capability to execute programmed variations in the work cycle to accommodate different assembly configurations.

(Groover M.P., Automation, Production Systems, And Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, p 351 - 353)

2-) PROCESS CONTROL (previous answer) (group: control)

A field of engineering dealing with ways and means by which conditions of processes are brought to and maintained at desired values, and undesirable conditions are avoided as much as possible.In general , a process is understood to mean any system where material and energy streams are made to interact and to transform each other.

(MCGRAW-HILL encyclopedia of science & technology 6th edition v.14 p.335)

PROCESS CONTROL (new answer) (group: control) - better one !

Process control is one of the strategies in automation. This includes a wide range of control schemes intended to operate the individual processes and associated equipment more efficiency. By this strategy, the individual sprocess times can be reduced and product quality improved.

(Groover M.P., Automation, Production Systems, And Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, p. 41)

3-) LOCAL AREA NETWORK (previous answer) (group: technology)

Ethernet, now known as local area networking, allowed compatible computers to work together. Sharing files, resources and programs would be the next big thing.

William J. Herrmann, KEN OLSON: ULTIMATE ENTREPRENEUR?, s.66

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (new answer) (group: technology) - better one !

When computers, which are connected together normally belong to one organization and all computers are situated within a radius of about 1 km. the networks is called a Local Area Network (LAN). Nowadays all computers are designed so that is easy to connect it to a LAN without buying any extra equipment.

(Rajaraman V., Introduction to Information Technology, Prentice Hall of Indıa , p. 142)

4-) DIRECT NUMERICAL CONTROL (previous answer) (group:method)

Several machines are controlled directly step by step by a central mainframe computer.In this system the operator has access to the central computer through a remote terminal.With DNC,the status of all machines ina manufacturing facility can be monitored and assesed from a central computer.However DNC has a crucial disadvantage:If the computer shuts down all of the machines become inoperative.A more recent definition of DNC is distributed numerical control in which a central computer serves as the control system over a number of individual CNC machines having onoard microcomputers.This system provides large memory and computational facilities and offers flexibility while overcoming the disadvantage of direct numerical control.

(Serope Kalpakjian- Steven R. Schmid p:1155)

DIRECT NUMERICAL CONTROL (new answer) (group:method) - better one !

Direct numerical control can be defined as a manufacturing system in which a number of machines are controlled by a computer through direct connection and in real time. The tape reader is omit

ted in DNC, thus relieving the system of its least reliable component. Instead of using the tape reader, the part program is transmitted to the machine tool directly from the computer memory. In principle, one computer can be used to control more than 100 seperate machines.

The systems consists of four components:

1- Central Computer

2- Bulk Memory, which stores the NC part components.

3- Telecommunication Lines

4- Machine Tools

Two types of DNC:

1- Behind-the-tape Reader System

2- Special Machine Control Unit

(Groover M.P., Automation, Production Systems, And Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, p. 281 - 282 )

5-) DISTRIBUTED NUMERICAL CONTROL (previous one) (group:method)

Sometimes the abbreviation DNC is used to denote distributed numerical control. A computer network for manufacturing may consist of a main frame computer, CAD/CAM work stations, DNC host computer and the CNC systems connected to it. This configuration can be beneficially used for NC data processing. Any complex calculations required for generating NC data can be transferred to the more powerful mainframe computer. Thus the NC DATA processing is done at different hierarchical levels. In a way many of the DNC systems today are in fact distributed processing systems.

(Radhakrishnan P., Subrahmanyan S., Raju V., CAD/CAM/CIM, 3rd Edition, p. 384 )

DISTRIBUTED NUMERICAL CONTROL (new one) (group:method) - better one !

The evolution of hierarchical control configuration, in which the machine tool MCUs are connected to a central plant computer and the controllers are themselves CNC units, has an architecture very similar to direct numerical control. To distinguish this configuration from DNC, the term distributed numerical control is used. The difference is simply in the presence of the CNC controllers in the hierarchy to replace har-wired MCU. Today, distributed numerical control represents the generally accepted approach for central computer control of NC machine tools. In present usage, the initials DNC refer to this modern control configuration.

(Groover M.P., Automation, Production Systems, And Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, p. 295 )

Gökhan GÜNGÖR 514101006 (1st Week Terms)

1. Rail Guided Vehicle
2. Gantry Robot
3. Local Area Networking (LAN)
4. Direct Numerical Control
5. Distributed Numerical Control
6. 3D Digitizing
7. Computer Aided Manufacturing
8. Finite Element Analysis
9. Laser Interferometer Measuring Systems
10. Laser Telemetric Measuring Systems

Gökçe Dil (1. week unanswered)

Loast Foam Casting

The lost foam casting process consists of first making a foam pattern having the shape of the finished metal part. The foam patterns are created from polystyrene beads, similar in size and shaped to sand granules, expanded to the desired shape using aluminium tooling. More complex shapes can be created by gluing a number of patterns together. The assemblies are then attached to a central foam piece or tree.
After short stabilising period, the completed pattern is strengthened by dipping in a refractory material which coats the foam pattern leaving a thin heat-resistant layer which is then air dried. This ceramic coating also provides good surface finish for the finished casting.
After compaction, molten material is poured into the mould causing the foam to burn up and vaporise as the molten metal replaces the foam pattern, exactly duplicating all the features of the original pattern.
After solidification, the container is tipped over and the unbounded sand flows out together with the castings. Because there are no binders or other additives the sand is reclaimable.

Workshop Processes, Practices and Materials - pg 286

Gani Can Öz (1st Week Unanswered Terms)

Dicrete Product

It means individual parts like nails, gears, balls for bearings, beverage cans and engine blocks even though they are mass produced at high volumes and production rates. Wire, sheet metal, and plastic pipe and tubing are cut into individual pieces and thuıs became discrete products.
Serope Kalpakjian, “Manufacturing engineering and technology”


Design Requirments:

One of the first steps in airplane design is the establishment of design requirements and objectives. These are used to formally document the project goals, ensure that the final design meets the requirements, and to aid in future product development. The specific DR&O's are based on customer requirements, certification requirements, and company policy (often in the form of a design standards manual). They have evolved from rather simple letters to very complex system engineering documents.
Kroo, I., “Aircraft Design: Synthesis and Analysis”

Product Specifications

The translation of a customer need into a measurable engineering characteristic. Metric (relates customer requirements to engineering actions), value and failure modes and analysis are the part of product specification.

Andrea Schiffauerova, “Product Design Theory and Methodology” Lecture Notes

Piece Price

Price per unit in an assembled product and basic of the piece price system. In this system, prices are taken as price per part, unit or piece and financal calculations are applied on piece price. Then reached to total price.

Onur OZAYDIN_1st Week_UNANSWERED_TERMS

IT (Information Technology)
MANUFACTURING HAS BECOME AN INTEGRAL PART OF LONG-RANGE BUSINESS PLANNING FOR COMPANIES THAT MUST MAINTAIN THEIR COMPETITIVE POSITIONS AND INCREASE THEIR MARKET SHARE. THESE ARE COMPLEX ISSUE BECAUSE THEY INVOLVE A BROAD RANGE OF CONSIDERATIONS SUCH AS PRODUCT TYPE, COMPANY SIZE, CHANGING MARKETS, LAWS AND BUSINESS PRACTICES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, TARIFFS AND IMPORT RESTRICTIONS, GEOPOLITICS, AND ESPECIALLY THE MAJOR TRENDS IN RAPIDLY INCREASING MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES IN COUNTRIES WHERE LABOR COSTS ARE ABOUT A TENTH OF THOSE IN TRADITIONALLY MORE INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES. THE RAPIDLY GROWING FIELD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) CAN PROVIDE THE TOOLS TO HELP MEET THESE MAJOR GLOBAL CHALLENGES.

(REF. MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, KALPAKJIAN; S., SCHMID; S.R. PAGE 41-42)