Buğra Çetinkaya 030070094 1st Week

1)Solid Model (previous answer)  (Modelling)
        All surfaces are shown, but the data describe the interior volume. Solid models can be constructed from ''swept volumes''. In boundary representation (B-rep), surfaces are combined to develop a solid model. In constructive solid geometry (CSG), simple shapes such as sphere, cubes, blocks, cylinders and cones are combined to develop a solid model.
(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R., Manufacturing engineering and technology, p. 1197)
Solid Model (new answer) (Modelling)
        Solids represent a large variety of objects we see and handle. The chapters on curves and surfaces treated earlier are intended to form the basis for solid or volumetric modeling. Solid modeling techniques have been developed since early 1970’s using wireframe, surface models, boundary representation (b-rep), constructive solid geometry (CSG), spatial occupancy and enumeration. A solid model not only requires surface and boundary geometry definition, but it also requires topological information such as, interior, connectivity, holes and pockets. Wire-frame and surface models cannot describe these properties adequately. Further, in design, one needs to combine and connect solids to create composite models for which spatial addressability of every point on and in the solid is required. This needs to be done in a manner that it does not become computationally intractable.
(Anupam Saxena,Birendra Sahay, Computer aided engineering design, p.247)
2)Beta Prototype (previous answer)  (Production)
        Beta prototypes are typically used to assess reliability and to identify remaining bugs in the product. These prototypes are often given to customers for testing in the intended use environment. The parts in beta prototypes are usually made with actual production processes or supplied by the intended component suppliers, but the product is usually not assembled with the final assembly facility or tooling. For example, the plastic parts in a beta prototype might be molded with the production injection molds but would probably be assembled by a technician in a prototype shop rather than by production workers or automated equipment.
(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R., Manufacturing Engineering and Technology,5th Edition, pg.261)

Beta Prototype (new answer) (Production)
        Purpose. The purpose of a beta or preproduction prototype (PPP) is to the product for customer use and for manufacturing before its release for production and commercialization; to characterize the function of the product in-house and at the customer's environment (under "battlefield" conditions!) 
        Characteristics. A PPP should include the design modifications (for improvement) that were identified in the alpha phase after evaluation of the EP. A PPP should also include all product features and capabilities that are intended for initial product introduction such as packaging and provisions to install the product at the customer's operating environment. A PPP should not be conceptually different from the EP. If, as a result of the alpha (EP) testing, the system architecture or its design concept was found to be inadequate (in meeting the ERS and MRS), the PDCP has to revert to the beginning of Phase 2 to reassess the viability of the product design, technology, and market timing. 
       Timing. A PPP is shipped to a selected group of beta customers for evaluation during Phase 4 of a PDCP. One or more identical units of the product should be kept in-house for manufacturability verification, finalization of manufacturing process and tooling, and for customer support through rapid resolution of issues identified by beta customers. 
(Dariush Rafinejad, Ph.D., Innovation, Product Development and Commercialization, p.233)

3)Coining (previous answer)  (Manufacturing Process) 
       Coining is a special type of Closed die forging, in which a three-dimensional surface detail is imparted to a preform. The largests application is, of course, to the minting of coings, but coining is useful for improving the dimensional accuracy, surface finish or detail of other parts too. (Introduction to Manufacturing Processes, John A. Schey, page 245)

Coining (new answer)  (Manufacturing Process) 
       Coining is a cold forming process where certain surface forms are produced with low material displacement.
       In coining the thickness of the material in the starling stock is altered.

Application: Coin production (Figure 8.1). Indenting impressions into badges, coining components for mechanical engineering and the electrical engineering industry (Figure 8,2).

(Heinz Tschaetsch, Metal Forming Practise, Part I, p. 86)

4)Product Integrity (previous answer)  (Quality) 
       Product integrity means that the product has more than ajust a basic functionality or performance character; it has additional characteristics which complement the customers' values and lifestyles. Industrial products match the existing work flows and production systems of the customer. Product integrity has two components: internal integrity and external integrity. Internal integrity refers to the unity between a product's function and its construction-the parts fit smoothly, the components match well, and the product works well, and the layout maximizes the available space. From an organizational viewpoint, product integrity means that a focus has been achieved through interdisciplinary teams working with customers and suppliers. External integrity refers to the unity between the product's performance and the customers' expectations. (Project Management, 5th Edition, Cleland&Ireland, p.454)

Product Integrity (new answer) (Quality) 
       The goal of any product development and design effort is to produce a product that will be successful in the marketplace, resulting in maximum value or utility to the producer of the product. In order to effectively achieve this goal, products must be rapidly and efficiently designed and developed and must be of high integrity. We can define product integrity as the ability of a product to meet or exceed a customer's expectations for performance, quality and durability over the life of the product. The term product integrity was adapted for the text title in order to produce a focus on failure prevention in design and development, rather than on reliability calculations, which are often emphasized in reliability engineering texts. In this context, we will introduce a process for reliability assessment.
       As markets become more global in nature and competition intensifies, product integrity becomes increasingly important to success in the marketplace. The economic importance of product integrity overall cannot be underestimated. A high degree of reliability contributes to brand recognition. In the absence of significant price advantages, reliability and quality issues will be the basis of consumer decisions in a given market.  

(John W. Evans, Jillian Y. Evans, Product integrity and reliability in design, p.3)

5)Durometer Hardness Test (previous answer)  (Quality Control)        

        This is an empirical test, in which an indenter is pressed against the surface and then a constant load is rapidly applied. The depth of penetration is measured after one second; the hardness is inversely related to the penetration.

        There are two different scales for this test. Type A has a blunt indenter and a load of 1 kg; it is used for softer materials. Type D has a sharper intender and a load of 5 kg; it is used for harder materials. The hardness number in these tests range from 0 to 100.

(Kalpakjian, Smith; Manufacturing Engineering and Technology 4th Edition; pg 71)

Durometer Hardness Test (new answer)  (Quality Control)
        A Durometer is an instrument that is commonly used for measuring the indentation hardness of rubbers/elastomers, and soft plastics such as polyolefin, fluoropolymer, and vinyl. A Durometer simply uses a calibrated spring to apply a specific pressure in an indenter foot. The indenter foot can be either cone- or sphere-shaped. An indicating device measures the depth of indentation. Durometers are available in a variety of models, and the most popular testers are the Model A used for measuring softer materials and the Model D for harder materials.

(Sidney M Levy, Construction Calculations Manual, p.150)