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ANSI (old one )(better) (Standard)

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has served in its capacity as administrator and coordinator of the United States private sector voluntary standardization system for more than 90 years. Founded in 1918 by five engineering societies and three government agencies, the Institute remains a private, nonprofit membership organization supported by a diverse constituency of private and public sector organizations.

Throughout its history, ANSI has maintained as its primary goal the enhancement of global competitiveness of U.S. business and the American quality of life by promoting and facilitating voluntary consensus standards and conformity assessment systems and promoting their integrity. The Institute represents the interests of its nearly 1,000 company, organization, government agency, institutional and international members through its office in New York City, and its headquarters in Washington, D.C.

(overview of the U.S standardization system 2.edition 2007 p.5 )

ANSI (Newer) 

ANSI (American National Standart Institue) serves an administrator and publisher, maintaining a collection of industrial safety standarts including the ANSI B11 standards for machine safety

(Hwaiyu Geng, Manufacturing Engineering Handbook, McGraw HILL, B11.30)

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IGES: (CAD file extension ) (Older)

IGES enables the exchange of model databases among CAD/CAM systems. IGES contains more geometric entities such as, curves, surfaces, solid primitives, and Boolean (for Constructive Solid Geometry) operations. Wire-frame, surface modeling and solid modeling software can all be developed around IGES. It can transmit the property data associated with the drawings which helps in preparing, say, the bill of materials. Though these standards appear veiled or at the back end, they play a crucial role in creation of the application software.

(Computer Aided Engineering; Anupam Saxena, Birendra Sahay; Page: 7 )

IGES (NEW) (Better)

As the engineering world becomes more interconnected with email and the internet, engineering graphics are routinely transferred both with in a company and outside of a company. Sometimes this involves the necessity of importing drawings created using one CAD System to a different CAD system. Each CAD System seems to have its own format for files that are saved. Fortunately, several standard formats exist. Translators are usually available within most cad software to import and export data files that are in a standard file format. 

The most commonly used format is the Initial Graphics Exchange Spesification, or IGES. Models may be imported to or exported from most CAD  systems if the file is stored as an IGES transfer file (.igs). Unfortunately, IGES translators vary quite a bit and may sometimes give unexpected results, especially for the inexperienced user. nevertheless, IGES is frequently used. Other standard file formats are available. STEP is capable of translating a solids model and maintaining it as a solid model. DXF and DWG formats are intended for 2D data such as drawings. Use the import and Export commands in the File menu to use other standard file formats. (R. Lueptow, M. Snyder, J. Steger, Graphics Concepts with Pro/Engineer, pg.270)       

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Job shop (Job Production) (Old) (Manufacturing Still)

Job shops  typically produce small quantities per year using various standard general-purpose machine tools (stand-alone machines) or machining centers. The operations performed typically have high part variety – meaning that different parts can be produced in a short time without extensive changes in tooling and in operations. On the other hand, machinery in job shops generally requires skilled labor to operate and production quantities and rates are low. As a result, production cost per part is high. When parts involve a large labor component, the production is called labor intensitive.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing engineering and technology, 5th Edition, p 1149)

Job Shops (New ) (Better)

the job shop's distinguishingfeature is its functional design. In the job shop, a variety of products is manufactured, which results in small manufacturing lot sizes, often one of a kind. Job shop manufacturing is commonly done to spesific customer order, but in truth, many job shops produce tu fill finished-goods inventories. Because the plant must perform a wide variety of manufacturing processes, general-purpose production equipment is required . Workers must have relatively high skill levels to perform a range of different work assigments. Job shop products include space vehicles, aircraft, machine tools, special tools and equipment. 

Production machines are grouped according to the general type of manufacturing process. The lathes are in one department, drill presses in another, plastic molding is still another, and so on. the advantage of this layout is its ability to make a wide variety of products. Each different part requiring its own unique sequence of operations can be routed through the respective departments in the proper order. Route sheets are used as the production control device to control the movement of the material through the manufacturing systems. Forklifts and handcarts are used to move materials from one machine to the next. As the company grows, The job shop evolves into a production job shops (PJS). 

(E. DEGARMO, JT. BLACK, R. KOHSER, Materials and Processes in Manufacturing 8th. Edition, pg.1167)       

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Feedback Devices (older) (control device)

Feedback devices (such as transducers) are an important part of the control system. Robots with a fixed set of motions have open-loop control. In this system, commands are given and the robot arm goes through its motions. Unlike feedback in closed-loop systems, accuracy of the movements is not monitored. Consequently, this system does not have a self-correcting capability.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R., Manufacturing Engineering and Technology,5th Edition, pg.1168)

Feedback Devices (New) (better)

One of the purposes of the feedback device is to accurately place a tool or workpiece at some desired location, prior to some machine operation. For the control system to know where the tool or wwork piece is located, some measuring device must be used to provide this information in a language the control will understand. Measuring devices in general can be called transducers, a device used to transform one form of energy to another form of energy. A simple thermostat is an example of a transducer, where temperature is registered as a physical bending in a bimetallic strip. For some specified deflection of the bimetallic strip as the result of a temperature change, an electric circuit  will be activated to run a furnace in the case of a heating control, or a compressor in the case of a refrigerator. There are many examples of transducers in the average home, but the type used with numerical control systems will convert position information from the motion of a machine drive screw or element into electrical signals. These electrical signals are the feedback information to the control system in a language the control can understand. (G. YOUNKIN, Industrial Servo Control Systems 2nd. Edition, pg.31-32)

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Machinig (Older) (Manufacturing Process)

 is a manufacturing process in which a sharp cutting tool is used to cut away material to leave the desired part shape.

(Mikell P.Groover ,Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing, Second edition page 475)

Machining (New) (Better)

Machining or metal removal processes refer to the removal of certain selected areas from a part to optain a desired shape or finish. Chips are formed by interaction of a cutting tool with the material being machined.

The seven basic machining processes are shaping, drilling, turning, milling, sawing, broaching and abrasive machining. Historically, eight basic types of machine tools were developed to accomplish the basic processes. These are shapers , drill presses, lathes, boring machines, milling machines, saws, broaches, grinders. Many of these machine tools are capable of performing more than one of the basic machining processes. this obvious advantage has led to the development of machining centers specifically designed to combine many of the basic processes, and perform other related processes, all on a single machine tool using a single workpiece setup. (E. DEGARMO, JT. BLACK, R. KOHSER, Materials and Processes in Manufacturing 8th. Edition, pg.21)