Side Cutting Angle (Lead Angle)
It is defined as the angle formed between the cutting edge and the workpiece The direction of radial cutting forces is determined by the lead angle of the cutting tool. As the lead angle increases, the forces become more radial. Cutting forces tend to project off the cutting edge at right angles to the lead angle. In turning operations, at a low lead angle (0°) the forces are projected into the axis of the workpiece, while at a high lead angle (45°) the forces are projected across the radius of the workpiece. Lead angles do not impact total cutting forces, only the direction of the cutting force.
Lead angles control the chip thickness. As the lead angle increases the chip tends to become thinner and longer. As the lead angle decreases the chip tends to become thicker and shorter. Neither the volume of the chip nor the power consumed change with changes in lead angle.
It is important to note, that the amount of resultant (measured) cutting forces changes very little with changes in lead angle. (Hwaiyu Geng; Manufacturing Engineering Handbook 4th Edition; pg. 27.12)
Mild Steels
Mild steel has less than 0.30% carbon. It is generally used for common industry products, such as bolts, nuts, sheet, plate, and tubes, and for machine components that do not require high strength. (Kalpakjian, Smith; Manufacturing Engineering and Technology 4th Edition; pg. 146)
Pick-and-Place Robot
Pick and Place Robot is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are from point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously. These robots are simple and relatively inexpensive. The Pick-and-Place robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be programmed to perform another sequence of operation. (Kalpakjian, Smith; Manufacturing Engineering and Technology 4th Edition; pg. 1047)
Fixed product location layout
If the product is large and heavy, and therefore difficult to move, it typically remains in a single location during its fabrication or assembly. Workers and processing equipment are brought to the product, rather than moving the product to the equipment. This type of layout is referred as a fixed product location layout
layout. (Mikell P. Groover; Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing Materials, Processes, and Systems 3rd Edition; pg.18)
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