Taha Selman Cakir
030070023
7th week

Five-axis ball-endmilling:

In five-axis ball-endmilling, two additional orientation axes added to the machine allow the machining of very complex parts, which cannot be machined using three-axis machines.
Otherwise, cutting speed is zero at tool tip, making the tool cutting very unfavourable. This is because when ceramics or PCBN tools are used, typically failure is the fragile breakage of the tool tip. With five axes, milling can be performed avoiding the tool tip cutting.
Moreover, tool overhang, necessarily large when deep cavities are machined, can be reduced using five-axis milling. Therefore, tool stiffness is higher, which increases machining precision and reduces the risk of tool breakage. Tool stiffness is directly related to the tool slenderness factor L^3/D^4, so a tool length (L) reduction dramatically reduces tool deflection and the lack of precision due to this effect.

(Davim J. P., Machining of hard materials, 2011, p. 67)

Laser range finder:

The laser range finder employs a laser generator, a target, an extremely accurate timing mechanism, a computer for converting time information into a calculated distance, and a readout. The range finder fires a laser beam at the target, which in turn simultaneously starts the timing mechanism. The timing mechanism is typically graduated in microsecond (milionths of a second), and some current timing mechanisms are registering time in femtoseconds (quadrillionths of a second).
Due to coherent nature of a laser light beam, it remains in a straight beam as it travels to the target, and as it is reflected back. When the beam is reflected back to the initial point of origin, it strikes a sensor on the laser generator and stops the timing mechanism. Since the speed of light, although very fast, is a constant speed, the computer can easily calculate the elapsed time from the moment the laser left until the time it returned, and convert that into a distance using the speed of light in feet per second. The result is displayed on the readout as a distance in feet or meters.

(Campbell P. D. Q., An introduction to measuration and calibration, 1995, p. 144,145)

Martempering:

Martempering (marquenching) is a modified quenching procedure used for steels to minimize distortion and cracking that may develop during uneven cooling of the heat-treated material. The martempering process consists of (1) austenitizing the steel, (2) quenching it in hot oil or molten salt at a temperature just slightly above (or slightly below) the Ms temperature, (3) holding the steel in the quenching medium until the temperature is uniform throughout and stopping this isothermal treatment before the austenite-to-bainite transormation begins, and (4) cooling at a moderate rate to room temperature to prevent large temperature differences. The steel is subsequently tempered by the conventionel treatment.
The structure of the martempered steel is martensite and that of the martempered (marquenched) steel which is subsequently tempered is tempered martensite.

(Smith W. F., Foundations of materials science and engineering, Ed. 2nd, 449,450)

Shearforming:

A modern variation of the spinning spinning process is known as shearforming (also called flow forming or floturning). This is a sophisticated version of the ancient art of metal spinning. It has the added ability of coping with appreciable variations in wall thickness; and close tolerances are easily obtainable by the operator through the machine controller.
In metal spinning, a flat or almost flat blank of sheet metal is forced by an operator, learning on a long-handled forming tool, to conform to a convex mandrel. In the process, the wall thickness of the spun part is reasonably constant, except for some streching which occurs where the blank is bent. This thickness change is not sought after -in fact, it is normally undesired- but it is accepted as an inconvenience of the process.
Shearforming, on the other hand, allows the creation of thickness which vary from point to point by as much as 100%. Another constraint of spinning involves blank thickness and radii. In spinning, blank thickness is generally less than 1/8'', and most workpiece radii are more than 5 times blank thickness. Normally, shearforming machines can handle blanks much thicker, and can bend any radius the material itself can endure. Of course, this depends somewhat on machine size. However, both processes can, under the proper circumstances, form steel plate 1'' thick.

(Brown J. A., Modern manufacturing processes, 1991, p. 117,118)