030070010 Celal Selçuk Tiftik Bonus Words part II

Reactive Extrusion 

           Reactive extrusion is an attractive route for polymer processing in order tocarry out various reactions including polymerization, grafting, branching,and functionalization. There are monographs on reactive extrusion.

           Reactive extrusion polymerizationinvolves polymerizing a liquid or solid monomer or a prepolymer duringthe residence time in the extruder to form a high molecular weight melt.Low-cost production and processing methods for biodegradableplastics are of great importance, since they enhance the commercial viability and cost-competitiveness of these materials. Reactive extrusion is anattractive route for the polymerization of cyclic ester monomers, withoutsolvents, to produce high molecular weight biodegradable plastics.Extruders can be used for bulk polymerization of monomers, likemethyl methacrylate, styrene, lactam, and lactide. From a mechanistic peerspective, nearly all kinds of polymerization have been performed inan extruder. These include radical polymerization, ionic polymerization,metathesis polymerization, and ring opening polymerization. The techniques of characterization and experimental setup for reactive extrusioncan be found in the literature.

       The technique is also attractive for meltspinning. The economics of using an extruder as a bulk polymerization reactor are favorable when high throughputs and control of molecular weight are realized. The limitation arises due to the residence time required tocomplete the polymerization, which ideally should be less than 5 minutes.There are significant kinetic, heat transfer, and diffusion related issues in a bulk polymerization process that make it difficult to develop anddesign processing methods that result in high molecular weight polymer athigh throughputs with a high conversion of the monomer. However, extruders are ideal process vehicles for this purpose as they can be tailored togive various flow patterns, residence time distributions and shear effects,each of which affect the polymerization and polymer quality.

(Reactive Polymers Fundamentals and Applications,Johannes Karl Fin , p.507 )

***There is no old definition...


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Risk management



          Risk management methods come in many forms, but the ultimate goal

is to minimize risk in some area of the firm relative to the opportunities

being sought, given resource constraints. Some of the names of these

efforts have become terms of art in virtually all of business. A popular, and

laudable, trend is to put the word enterprise in front of risk management to

indicate that it is a comprehensive approach to risk for the firm. Enterprise

risk management (ERM) is one of the headings under which many of the

trends in risk management appear. I’ll call ERM a type of risk management

program, because this is often the banner under which risk management is

known. I will also distinguish programs from actual methods since ERM

could be implemented with entirely different methods, either soft or

quantitative.

       The following are just a few examples of various management programs

to manage different kinds of risks (Note: Some of these can be components

of others and the same program can contain a variety of different methods):

-Enterprise risk management (ERM)
-Portfolio management or project portfolio management (PPM)
- Disaster recovery and business continuity planning (DR/BCP)
-Project risk management (PRM)
- Governance risk and compliance (GRC)
-Emergency/crisis management processes
Risk management includes analysis and mitigation of risks related to
physical security, product liability, information security, various forms of
insurance, investment volatility, regulatory compliance, actions of competitors, workplace safety, getting vendors or customers to share risks, political
risks in foreign governments, business recovery from natural catastrophes,
or any other uncertainty that could result in a significant loss.

Long definition: The identification, assessment, and prioritization

of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of

resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability

and/or impact of unfortunate events

Shorter definition: Being smart about taking chances.

(The Failure of Risk Management: Why It's Broken and How to Fix It , Douglas W. Hubbard ,p.11)

***There is no old definition...

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