Sunday, May 6, 2012

Buğra Çetinkaya 030070094 Week 11 Part2


4) Order-to-Delivery Cycle (Group: Design)

There is no old answer

The order-to-delivery cycle typically involves three major activities: order fulfillment, production, and service. Order fulfillment is the sales arm of the business, responsible for bringing in orders for products and forecasting production requirements. Production converts sales orders into products. It encompasses all of the personnel, operations, processes, tooling, and equipment involved in the day-to-day manufacture of products including procurement, raw material and supplied component receiving and inspection, part manufacture, assembly, testing, and distribution of manufactured products. Service provides product-related maintenance, repair, disposal services, and support to the customer.
All of these activities influence design and manufacturing practices. For example, design for service and design for disassembly are important strategies in many companies. As another example, consider companies that sell specialized or customized products and services. These companies must often "quote" the job first, then manufacture and deliver the product or equipment after the order has been received. The time this process takes can contribute significantly to manufacturing lead time as well as strongly influencing customer satisfaction. Modular designs or designs that allow customization at the end of the production line help reduce order-to-delivery time for many of these types of customized products and equipment.
Marketing, manufacturing, and design strategy can also play an important role. Consider a company whose marketing strategy is to sell personal computers that are customized according to specifications provided by the customer via a phone order. Such a marketing strategy needs to be supported by a manufacturing strategy that facilitates easy manufacture and delivery of a customized product, together with a design strategy that makes the product easy to customize at remote distribution sites.
Another approach is to use computerization to take time out of the ordering process. One vision is that of a sales representative in the office of a customer with, for example, his or her portable computer having all product and pricing data available on disk, so that a complete purchase order or release can be negotiated on the spot and then inserted into the plant's production schedule by a modem and confirmed before the representative leaves the office.
An important measure of production efficiency and effectiveness is manufacturing lead time (MLT) or the time required to process the product through the plant. Manufacturing lead time is directly related to manufacturing cost and customer satisfaction. A short MLT implies less manufacturing time and labor and therefore lower manufacturing cost. Also, the shorter the MLT, the sooner the product can be sold and the company reimbursed for its investment in raw material and labor. Most importantly, a short MLT means the customer gets the product when needed.

(Materials Selection and Design was published in 1997 as Volume 20 of ASM Handbook, p. 1580)

5) Process-Driven Design (Group: Design)

There is no old answer

In process-driven design, a method of assembly or other manufacturing process plan is developed prior to developing the product design. This plan is then used to guide the product design thereby ensuring a coordinated product and process that results in an optimization of the overall manufacturing system. Process-driven design is based on the recognition that product design decisions often inadvertently limit the manufacturing options available for use in production of the product. Process-driven design methods have been successfully applied in many different industries. For example, many of the modern innovative manufacturing and assembly methods now commonly used in the automotive, airplane, and farm machinery industries can be traced to process-driven design practices.

(Materials Selection and Design was published in 1997 as Volume 20 of ASM Handbook, p. 1589)

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