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spindle: A spindle is a device that allows rotation between components whili providing three properties: stiffness, load capacity, and accuracy. Examples are found in machine tools, metrology instruments, and everyday conveniences like computer hard drives. rotation of rotor relative to the spindle housing (stator) is achived throught the use of one or more bearings, which include rolling element, externally pressurized by hydrostatic, hydrodynamic bearings. A spindle may be long and slender for high speed or low-profile such as rotary table. Or it may be a workpiece between centers or perhaps a gimbal, a knife- edge pivot, or a pair of trunnions intended for only a few degrees of rotation. Whatever the shape, a spindle has a rotor, a stator, and bearing in between. ( Eric Marsh - Precision spindle metrology- page 1 )

Job sequencing: Job sequencing is the seqyential assigment of jobs to work station and is also known as dispatching. To attempt to control the progress of a job through the shop, a job priority system is used. The priority of jobs queuing at work centre determines the order in which they are processed. The difficulty lies in determining an appropriate priority rule to obtain the best performance. Priorty rules include: DDS ( job with nearest customer due-date to the current date), FCFS ( job arriving first a work centre ), SPT (job with shortest process time) , LPT (job with longest process time) (Andrew Greasley-Operation management in business-page 138)

Finite-difference method: Finite difference methods have been proved to be useful technique for solving numerically sensitive two- point boundary value problems. This is due to the fact that the finite difference equations incorporate both specified initial and terminal conditions in the final set of equations, and thus the resulting solitions of these equation are constrained to satisfy these boundary conditions. This differs a shooting method, where the terminal boundary condition never enters into the solution during the forward integration process. Another difference is that the solution is produced simultaneously at all points, whereas in a shootingmethod the solution at different points are generated in seqyence. we may therefore expect the solitions near the terminal point to be less accurate than those obtained near the initial point because of the propagation of round-off errors. (T.Y.Na-Computational methods in engineering boundary value problems-page 133)

Direct data translator: Direct translation is the fastest method. this process uses a translator program that reads the input file, makes the appropriate translations, and then directly creates the output file. Because the program starts with a binary file and produces a binary file, it is the most efficient method. Unfortuantely, there are relatively few direct translator programs avaliable commercially, and these have been written for only the most popular CADD and GIS vendor formats. (George B. Korte-The Gis Book-page 237)