Photopolymerization:
Polymerization is the process of linking small molecules (known as monomers) into chain-like larger molecules (known as polymers). When the chain-like polymers are linked further to one another, a cross-linked polymer is said to be formed. Photopolymerization is polymerization initiated by a photochemical process whereby the starting point is usually the induction of energy from the radiation source.
(Rapid Prototyping, Chua C. K., Leong K. F. and LIM C. S., Page 45)
Automated Identification Systems (AIS)
Automated Identification Systems (AIS) use bar codes, radio frequencies, magnetic stripes, optical character recognition, and machine vision to sense and input data into computers. Data are read from products, documents, parts, and containerswithout the need for workers to read or interpret the data. A good example of these systems is in checkout counters at grocery stores. The clerk passes the bar code on an item across the scanner. The system reads the identification numbers from the bar code on the item, accesses a computer data base and sends the price of the item to the cash register, describes the item to the customer through a speaker, and inputs the item identification number to the inventory system for the purpose of adjusting inventory counts.
AIS are becoming more commonplace in warehouses, shop floors of factories, retail ing and wholesaling , and a variety of other applications. While the cost of the AIS hardware is not high, the cost of developing computer software and computer data bases is high, and such softwareis needed to make AIS effective.
(Production and Operations Management, Norman Gaither, Page 179)
Vertical Integration
Vertical Integration is the amount of the prodution and distribution chain, from suppliers of components to the delivery of products/services to customers, that is brought under the ownership of a company. There are two types of vertical integration , forward and backward. Forward integration means expanding ownership of the production and distribution chain forward toward the market. Backward integration means expanding ownership of the production and distribution chain backward toward the sources of supply.
(Production and Operations Management, Norman Gaither, Page 128-129)
Product-Focused Production System:
The term product-focused is used to describe a form of production processing organization in which production departments are organized according to the type of product being produced. In other words, all of the production operations required to produce a produt are ordinarily grouped into one production department.
Product-focused production is also sometimes called line flow production or continious production. Both of these terms describe the nature of the routes that products follow through production. In line flow production, products tend to follow along direct linear paths without backtracking or sidetracking. In continious production, products tend to proceed through production without stopping.
(Production and Operations Management, Norman Gaither, Page 130)
Process-Focused Production System:
The term process-focused is used to describe a form of production in which production operations are grouped according to type of processes. In other words, all production operations that have similar technological processes are grouped together to form a production department. For example, all production operations throughout a factory that involve painting are grouped together in one location to form a painting department.
Process-focused production systems are also sometimes known as intermittent production or job shops. They are referred to as intermittent production because is performed on products intermittently, that is, on a start-and-stop basis. Product-focused production systems are also commonly referred to as job shops because products move from department to department in batches (jobs) that are usually determined by customer orders.
(Production and Operations Management, Norman Gaither, Page 132)
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