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MANUEL PART PROGRAMING
One should know about the machine tools, cutting tools and fixtures to be used in the manufacture of the components to write a manuel part program. Shop experience is essential for a good programmer as only careful process planning can lead to satisfactory programs. A programmer is supposed to study the drawing of the components in detail and prepare a process plan showing the list of operations to be carried out in sequence, the machine and the tools to be used and the speeds to be maintained during various operations. The reference axes should be chosen so that the coordinates for various features can be determined.
(Computer Aided Design And Manufacturing, Lalit Narayan Et Al,page287)

EXPENDABLE MOLD
IN expendable mold casting operations, the mold is sacrified in order to remove the cast part. Since a new mold is required for each new casting, production rates is expendable mold processes are often limited by the time required to make the mold rather than the time to make the casting itself. However, for certain part geometries, sand molds can be produced and castings made at rates of 400 parts per hour and higher.
(Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing: Materials, Processes and Systmes, Mikell P. Groover,page225)

PERMANENT MOLD
Permanent mold casting refersto all casting technologies in which the mold cavity is reused many times and is made of a metallic material or graphite. This is in contraast to other casting technologies, such as sand casting, investment casting, and others in which the mols is made of nonmetallic materials. Metal mold casting is the predominant way to manufacture shape castings. Specifically, about 90% of all aluminum castings produced are in metal molds, including gravity fed, low-pressure, and high-pressure die castings.
Permanent mold casting technologies are classified as gravity, pressure, squeeze and specialized processes.
(Metal Shaping Process: Casting And Molding, Particulate Processing, Vukuta Boljanovic, page38)

TUBE DRAWING
Tube Drawing. The possibility of increasing the film thickness in tube drawing has also attracted attention. In tube sinking, a pressure tube or multiple dies can offer benefits. In drawing on a plug, the critical problem is to increase lubricant supply to the plug/inner-tube interface. Pumping of the lubricant through a hollow plug is feasible, but in itself does not help to build up a lubricant film. For this, a double-plug arrangement, with supply of pressurized lubricant to the enclosed space, is needed. Some improvement in plug drawing is achieved simply by using a suitable plug profile, as reported by Rees.
(Handbook Of Workability And Process Design, George Ellwood Dieter, Howard A. Kuhn,page286)