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Deformation processes: In deformation processes, the workpiece material is plastically deformed and takes on the geometric shape of the die. Deformation of the workpiece occurs at a temperature below its melting point, and the workpiece is never in a molten state. The basic process energy that causes the workpiece deformation is mecanical, and the deformation is caused by mechanical forces developed between the workpiece and the die. The desire shaped is created through relative motions between the dieand workpiece material. No material is removed. The ability of the workpiece material to deform plastically without fracture is an important process parameter. The flow or deformation of the material depends on the material properties, the state of stress in the material, the temperature, and the strain rate of the workpiece material ( velocity of deformation) during the process. ( Fundamental principles of manufacturing processes - Robert H. Todd, Dell K. Allen, Leo Alting - page 79 )

Material removal processes: The material removal processes are a family of shaping operations in which excess material is removed from starting workpart so that what remains is the desired final geometry. The family tree is shown in figure 21.1. The most important branch of the family is conventional machining, in which a sharp cutting tool is used to mechanically cut the material to achieve the desired geometry. The tree principal machinig processes are turning, drilling and milling. The other machining operations in figure 21.1 include shaping, planing, broaching and sawing. ( Fundamentals of modern manufacturing: materials, precesses and systems - Mikell P. Groover - page 483 )

Solidification processes: With reference to figure 10.1, the solidification processes can be classified according to the engineering material that is processed: 1- metals, 2- ceramics, specifically glasses, and 3- polymers and polymer matrix composites (PMCs). (Fundamentals of modern manufacturing: materials, processes, systems - Mikell P. Groover - page 205 ) Chemical Engraving: This is closely related process in which chemical machining techniques are used to remove metal from selected areas of nameplates or other components to produce the lettering, figures, or other nomeclature required. Chemical engraving is a substitute for mechanical pantography engraving. Lettering can be either depressed or raised. Normally, a photoresist mascant is used, especially if the engraving is to have fine detail. the mascant also can be applied by silk screening. The etched area may be filled with paint or other material of a color constrasting with that of the unetched part. Sometimes, aluminum parts are anodized in the atched area in a color constrasting with that of the rest of the part. Figure 4.20.2 illustrates the major steps of chemical engraving. (Design for manufacturability handbook - James G. Bralla - page 127)