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Circular Sawing
Circular sawing uses a rotating saw blade to provide a continuous motion of the tool to past to work.Circular sawing is often used to cut long bars ,tubes and similar shapes to specified length.The cutting action is similar to a slot milling operation, except that the saw blade is thinner and contains many more cutting teeth than a slot milling cutter.Circular sawing machines have powered spindles to rotate the saw blade and a feeding mechanism to drive the rotating blade into work.

(Fundamentals of modern manufacturing,materials,processes and systems,3rd edition, Mikell P.Groover, p.536) 01.01

Multiplexer
A multiplexer or MUX , also called a data selector,is a combined circuit with more than one input line ,one output line and more than one selection line.There are some multiplexer ICs that provide complementary outputs.Also multiplexer in IC form almost invariably have an ENABLE and STROBE input,which needs to be active for the multiplexer to be able to perform its intended function.A multiplexer selects binary information present on any one of the input lines,depending upon the logic status of the selection inputs and routes it to output line.If there are n selection line ,then the number of maximum possible input lines is 2^n and the multiplexer is referred to as a 2^n-to-1 multiplexer or 2^n x 1 multiplexer.

(Digital electronics:principles ,devices and applications, Anil K.Maini,p.269)

Pulse Counter
Pulse counter is a device used to convert a series of pulses (call it a pulse train) into a digital value.The value is then entered into the computer through its input channel.The most common type of pulse counter is one that counts electrical pulses.It is constructed using sequential logic gates, called flip-flops which are electronical devices that possess memory capability and that can be used to store the results of the counting procedure.
Pulse counters can be used for both counting and measurement applications.A typical counting application might add up the number of packages moving past photoelectric sensor along a conveyor in a distribution center.A typical measurement application might indicate the rotational speed of a shaft.One possible method to accomplish the measurement is to connect to shaft to an optical encoder, which generates a certain number of electrical pulses for each rotation.To determine rotational speed ,the pulse counter measures the number of pulses received during a certain time period and divides this by the time period and by the number of pulses in each revolution of the encoder.

(Automation, production systems, and computer integrated manufacturing, 3rd edition,Mikell P. Groover,p.135)

Pulse Generator
A pulse generator is a device that produces a series of electrical pulses whose total number and frequency are specified by the control computer.The total number of pulses might be used to drive the axis of a positioning system.The frequency of the pulse train , or pulse rate, could be used to control the rotational speed of a stepper motor.A pulse generator operates by repeatedly closing and opening an electrical contact ,thus producing a sequence of discrete electrical pulses.The amplitude (voltage level) and frequency are designed to be compatible with the device being controlled.


(Automation, production systems, and computer integrated manufacturing,3rd edition, Mikell P. Groover,p.135)08.52