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Crank Mechanism

The cranck mechanism converts the reciprocating motion to a rotary motion, and vice-versa. A simple crank mechanism for a single-cyclinder engine is shownn in figure1.2. It consists of a piston which moves inside a cylinder, a crank of length r which rotates about a point O and a connecting rod of length L which is attached to the piston at point P and to the crank shaft at point C. The crank pin C follows a circular path while the wrist pin P oscillates along a linear path. Points on the connecting rod between C and P follow an elliptical path.

(P. Srinivasculu, C.V. Vaidyanathan, Handbook of Machine Foundations, p.4)

Photolithography (Optical Lithography)

Optical Lithography(also called photolithography) uses light as the writing material. The drawn(greased) and undrawn(moistened) areas on the limestone in lithography become bright and dark regions on a reticle or phptmask, the template of optical lithography. Just as greased ink discriminately deposits on the limestone, light passes only through the clear opening the mask. The transmitted energy is recorded on a light-sensitive medium called the photoresist.

(Alfred Kwok- Kit Wong, Resolution Enhancement Techniques In Optical Lithograpy,p.2)

Sputtering

When a solid surface is bombarded with energetic particles such as accelerated ions, surface atoms of the solid are scattered backward due to collisions between the surface atoms and the energetic particles. This phenımenon is called back-sputtering, or simply sputtering.When a thin foil is bombarded with energetic particles, some of the scattered atoms transmit through the foil. The phenomenon is called transmission sputtering. The word “spluttering” is synonymous with “sputtering”. Cathode sputtering, cathode disintegration, and impact evaporation are also used in the same sense.

(Kiyota Wasa, Thin Film Materials Technology: Sputterşng Of Compound Materials, P.39)


Bead Weld

If you weld at a rapid pace, the penetration depth and bead with decreases, and the bead is dome shaped. If the speed is increased even faster, undercutting-producing a weld surface level lower than base metal- can ocur. Welding at too low a speed can cause burn- through holes. Ordinarily, welding speed is determined by base metal thickness and/or voltage of the welding machine.

(James E. Duffy, Robert Scharff, Auto Body Repair Technology, p. 192 )