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Stiffness
Stiffness is a measure of  a systems's resistance to deformation. A rubber band is easily deformed by hand but a steel wire or rod of the same cross-sectional area is not. The stiffness of steel is greater than that of rubber.

Frederick A. Leckie,Dominic J. Dal Bello, The strength and the stiffness of The Engineering Systems, P.48 

Implsion (Implosion Hazard)


The pressure differance (0,1MPA) between inside of the vacuum enclosure and outside initiate an accidental implosion of an evacuated birttle containeer, resulting in flying fragments. Glass and perspex viewports represen an implosion hazard. 

R. Hellborg, Electrostatic accelerators: fundamentals and applications, P.366

Flexible Systems (Flexible Productio Systems)
Mass production is predicated largely on the principles of Frederick W. Taylor. one of the leaders of the scientific management movement in the early 1901s.  According to Taylor, workers had to be told every detail of their work methods and were incapable of planning their own tasks. By comparison.Lean production makes use of worker teams to organize the tasks to be accomplished and worker involvement to solve technical problems. One of the findings reported in The Machine thai Changed the World was that workers in Japanese "lean production" plants received many more hOUTSof training than their U.S, counterparts (380 hours of training vs.46 hours).Another finding was the lower number of job classifications in Japanese lean plants. The study showed an average of 11.9 job classifications in Japanese plants versus an average of 67.1 in L:.S. plants. Fewer job classifications mean more cross-training among workers and greater nexttunty ill the work force.                                  
     In mass production, the goal is to maximize efficiency. This is achieved using long
production runs of identical parts. Loeg production runs tolerate long setup changeovers, In lean production. procedures are designed to speed the changeover. Reduced setup times allow for smaller batch sizes. thus providing the production system with greater flexibility. Flexible production systems were needed in Toyota's comeback period because of the much smaller car market in Japan and the need to be as efficient as possible.


Groveer, Automation, Production Systems and CIM, P. 835