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Emulsifier
Two types of emulsifiers, hydrophilic and lipophilic are available. Hydrophilic emulsifiers are composed of materials similar to common detergents, which react with the oil based penetrant in a way that removes the penetrant from the surface. Diffusion plays a minor role in the action of the hydrophilic emulsifiers. Lipophilic emulsifiers, on the other hand, are oil soluble and they diffuse into penetrant, breaking down the structure so that the penetrant may be rinsed away with water. There are a number of methods used in the cleaning process such as wiping with a cloth, dipping in a tank, rinsing with a hıse, or some combination of these. (Practical non-destructive testing, 2nd Edition, Raj, p.11)
Bandwidth Concept
Depending on the area of networking, bandwidth can take on a couple of different meanings. The concept of bandwidth originated in wireless applications, such television broadcast, microwave, and radio. It was often used to convey a spectrum of frequencies, often expressed in units of hertz, available for use by a transmitter or receiver. This spectrum is often referred to as a channel. This concept was later extended to the voice and data networking worlds as well. In these worlds, bandwidth is often used to convey data speed. This is actually not exactly accurate. Because it indicates how much data, in bits or bytes, flows between two points in a given time, it is actually a transfer rate. (Mission-critical network planning, Liotine, p.53)
Order Point Methods
Once the components of statistical replenishment have been determined for each product, inventory planners have the option of selecting from four basic order point techniques. These methods can be divided into two types based on the point when items are reviewed for possible replenishment. Two of the techniques (order point and min/max) are dependent on a continuous rewiev cycle, whereas the remaining two (period order quantity and line point) are considered as periodic review ordering systems. (Distribution: planning and control, 2nd Edition, Ross, p.322)