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Broaching Machine : A broaching machine typically consist of a workholding device, a drive mechanism, and a supporting frame. Shown is a vertical push down machine. The broaching tool is pushed through or across the workpiece, which is held stationary. Other types of broaching machines include pull broach, surface broach, and continuous broach. These broaching machines are either horizontal or vertical. Most machines are hydraulically powered, but some are driven electromechanically. ( Manufacturing process reference guide - Robert H. Todd, Dell K. Allen, Leon Alting - page 16 )

Overcut ( in EDM ) : Overcut in Edm is due to side sparks and is dependent on the gap length and crater dimensions. Lazerenko has shown experimentally that overcut O can be expressed by the relationship O= A(C) ^ (1/3 ) + B where A and B are constants, the values of which depend upon the tool work pair. Dependence of the overcut on the capacitance C is shown in Fig. 4-30 ( Modern machining process - P.C. Pandey, H.S. Shan - page 110 )

Laser Welding: The main advantages of laser welding are that it is a process having a very low hydrogen potential(which in other processes may cause hyrogen embrittlement), it gives less tendency to liquation cracking owing to the reduced time for segregation and it causes less distortion owing to the smaller pool size. Table 4.7 provides a summary of some of the laser welding characteristics for the main alloy systems. ( Laser material processing - William M. Steen, Jyotiromoy Mazumder - page 232 )

Submerged Arc Welding: Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a process that melts and joins metal by heating them with an arc established between a consumable wire electrode and the metals, with the arc being shielded by a molten slag and granular flux. In this process dffers from the arc welding processes discussed so far in that the arc is submerged and thus invisible. The flux is supplied from a hopper, which travelswith the torch. No shielding gas is needed because the molten metal is seperated from the air by the molten slag and granular flux. Direct -current electrode positive is most often used. However, at very high welding currents AC is preferred in order to minimize arc blow. Arc blow is caused by the electro magnetic force as a result of the interaction between the electric current itself and the magnetic field it induces. ( Welding metallurgy - Sindo Kou - page 23 )