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Integrated Product Development (IPD)  (Better)

Integrated Product Development is a philosophy that systematically employs a teaming of functional disciplines to integrate and concurrently apply all necessary processes to produce an effective and efficient product that satisfies customer's needs. Product, in this sense, is not only what is delivered to  customer (e.g., hardware, software, services, and documents), but also processes (e.g., design, manufacturing, test, and logistics) which make the product possible. 

The principles of IPD ;

1. UNDERSTAND CUSTOMER NEEDS AND MANAGE REQUIREMENTS

2. PLAN AND MANAGE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

3. USE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT TEAMS. 

4. INTEGRATE PROCESS DESIGN. 

5. MANAGE COSTS FROM THE START. 

6. INVOLVE SUPPLIERS AND SUBCONTRACTORS EARLY.

7. DEVELOP ROBUST DESIGNS. 

8. INTEGRATE CAE, CAD, CAM & CASE TOOLS. 

9. SIMULATE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES ELECTRONICALLY

10. CREATE AN EFFICIENT DEVELOPMENT APPROACH. 

11. IMPROVE THE DESIGN PROCESS CONTINUOUSLY.


                                     (Kenneth Crow, DRM Associates 2002 )

Integrated Product Development (IPD)  (OLD)
Very few products are developed by an individual working alone. It is unlikely that an individual will have all the necessary skills in marketing, industrial design, mechanical and electronic engineering, manufacturing processes and materials, tool-making, packaging design, graphic art, and project anagement, etc. Development is normally done by a design team as an integrated approach. The team leader draws on talent in a variety of disciplines, often from both outside and inside of the organization. As a general rule, the cost of a development effort is a factor of the number of people involved and the time required fostering the initial concept into a fully refined product.Integrated product development (IPD) practices are recognized as critical to the development of competitive products in today's fast-paced global economy. Product development teams, particularly when team members are collocated, are a critical element of IPD practices to facilitate early involvement and parallel design of products and their processes. As a company grows larger and products become more complex, hierarchical organizations are established to master the increasingly large organization size, the technical complexity, and the specialization that evolves to master this complexity. This company growth also results in the geographic dispersion of people and functional departments. These factors inhibit many of the informal relationships that previously provided effective communication and coordination between functions. Functional departments tend to focus inwardly on functional objectives. This is often described as the functional bin. A hierarchical organization structure with enterprise activities directed by functional managers becomes incapable of coordinating the many cross-functional activities required to support product development as the enterprise moves toward parallel design of product and process and a focus on time-to-market. Product development teams (PDTs) are a way to address this complexity by organizing the necessary skills and resources on a team basis to support product and process development in a highly interactive, parallel collaborative manner.
(Computer-Based Design and Manufacturing An Information-Based Approach, Emad Abouel Nasr,. Ali K. Kamrani;p 305)

Manuel Data Input (MDI)

      A CNC  machine is not always operated by the means of a program.During apart setup, the CNC operator has to do a number of operation that require physical movements of ythe machine slides , rotation of spindle, tool change , etc.There are no mechanical devices on a CNC machine.The handle (Manuel pulse generator)  is an electronic, not a  mechanical unit.In order to operate a CNC machine without conventional mechanical devices  the control system offers a feature called  Manual Data Input or MDI.

      The MDI enables the input  of a program   data into the system one program instruction at a time.If too many instructions were to be input  repeatedly , such as a long program , the procedure would be very inefficient .During a a setup  and for similar purposes  , one or a few  instructions at a time will benefit from MDI.

(CNC programming handbook: a comprehensive guide to practical CNC programming,Peter Smid,p.26)

( There is no old definition.)

      Intelligent Control (Better)

      Intelligent control is the process  that drives an Intelligent machine to attain  its goal automatically.In other words, intelligent control is a kind of automatic control that can drive  autonomous intelligent machines to reach their goals without  any interection or with the least human interaction.The control of an autonomous robot would be an example of intelligent control.

    Like many advanced scientific  disciplines or or sciences such as artificail intelligence, knowledge enginnering, and robotics ,the discipline  of intelligent control has also  not been defined  with an unified view until now.Although a suitable and general definition on intelligent control  is difficult to make, it is necessary to give a definition for intelligent control , so that people could define characteristics, develop technology, and compare research  results of intelligent control in the different countries.

(Intelligent control: principles, techniques and applications ,Zi-Xing Cai, p.8)

    Intelligent Control (previous)

Industrial robots are becoming increasingly intelligent. In this context, an intelligent robot is one that exhibits behavior that makes it seem intelligent. Some of the characteristics that make a robot appear intelligent include the capacities to interact with its environment, make decisions when things go wrong during the work cycle, communicate with humans, make computations during the motion cycle, and respond to advanced sensor inputs such as machine vision.

In addition, robots with intelligent control possess playback capability for both PTP(point-to-point) or continuous path control. These features require (1) relatively high level of computer control and (2) an advanced programming language to input the decision-making logic and other “intelligence” into memory.

(Groover, M.P., Automation, Production Systems and Computer - Integrated Manufacturing, pg.222, Pearson Education Inc,2008)

Scrap (new)

Scrap is left over from every manner of product consumption.In any discussion concerning the ferrous scrap industry ,a key principle to establish is that scrap is an involuntary product.Scrap is  either a by- product of a manufacturing processes or a result of obsolescence.

(Residual and unspecified elements in steel

 Yazar: Albert S. Melilli,Edward G. Nisbett,American Society for Testing and Materials.p28)

Scrap(old)

The term ‘scrap’ is usually used for the leftover part of raw materials and it is limited to material that has some minor sales value. Metal shavings with a minor sales value would normally be classified as (Colin Drury, Management and cost accounting, p.210)