5th week 030070154 Ebubekir Çantı

1) Gripper(Robots)(Robotic)

Now let us consider the tool that manipulators mainly use—the gripper. To
manipulate, one needs to grip and hold the object being manipulated. Grippers of
various natures exist. For instance, ferromagnetic parts can be held by electromag-netic grippers. This gripping device has no moving parts (no degrees of freedom and
no drives). It is easily controlled by switching the current in the coil of the electro-magnet on or off. However, its use is limited to the parts' magnetic properties, and
magnetic forces are sometimes not strong enough. When relatively large sheets are
handled, vacuum suction cups are used; for instance, for feeding aluminum, brass,
steel, etc., sheets into stamps for producing car body parts. Glass sheets are also handled
in this way, and some printing presses use suction cups for gripping paper sheets and
introducing them into the press. Obviously, the surface of the sheet must be smooth
enough to provide reliability of gripping (to seal the suction cup and prevent leakage
of air and loss of vacuum). Here, also, no degrees of freedom are needed for gripping.
The vacuum is switched on or off by an automatically controlled valve. (We illustrated
the use of such suction cups in the example shown in Figure 2.10.)
Grippers essentially replace the human hand. If the gripping abilities of a mechan-ical five-finger "hand" are denoted as 100%, then a four-finger hand has 99% of its
ability, a three-finger hand about 90%, and a two-finger hand 40%.
We consider here some designs of two-fingered grippers. In the gripper shown in
Figure 9.24, piston rod 1 moves two symmetrically attached connecting links 2 which
in turn move gripping levers 3, which have jaws 4. (Cylinder 5 can obviously be replaced
by any other drive: electromagnet, cable wound on a drum driven by a motor, etc.)
The jaws shown here are suitable for gripping cylindrical bodies having a certain range of diameters.

ROBOTICS Designing the Mechanismsfor Automated Machinery Second Edition, Ben-Zion Sandler, p:351

---no old description---


2) Standardization(Manufacturing)(better)

An activity giving solutions for repetitive application, to problems essentially in the
fields of science, technology and economics, aimed at the achievement of the
optimum degree of order in a given context. Generally, the activity consists of
the process of formulating, issuing and implementing standards.


Standards organizations function to simplify production and distribution for manu-
facturers, to facilitate communication (by means of drawing standards for example), to
ensure uniformity, reliability and safety for the consumer, to simplify trade across national
boundaries and to promote economy of human effort by minimizing unnecessary and wasteful variety. In so doing they have become a very useful source of reliable, tested and
detailed scientific and technical data. In many areas of engineering rigorous standards must
be adhered to. For example, for what are primarily safety reasons, the design of pressure
vessels is completely governed by specification.
The three most used standards are ANSI (American National Standards Institute), ISO
(International Standards Organization) and BSI (British Standards Institution). As well as
these most countries have their own standards which are of particular relevance to potential
exporters. The three standards organizations mentioned publish a yearly catalogue with a
comprehensive subject index which should be consulted in the first instance. The index
leads to the main section which contains brief descriptions of the contents of each
individual standard. Each yearly catalogue includes much more information. For example,
the BSI Catalogue contains a list of libraries holding complete sets of standards.
Examples of American catalogues include the Annual Catalogue, American National
Standards Institute, the Annual book ofASTM Standards, American Society for Testing
and Materials, the Index to Specifications and Standards, United States Department of
Defense and the Index to Federal Specifications and Standards, United States General
Services Administration. European and international standards include the Deutsches
Institut fur Normung (DIN), the ISO Catalogue, International Standards Organization and
the Catalogue oflEC Publications, International Electrotechnical Commission.
In Chapter 2 covering PDS definition, operation requirements and particularly safety
requirements were discussed. As an example of the sort of useful information contained in
standards Fig. 2.5 was included and shows an electrical test finger.
Although not particularly relevant to a search for information outside the industrial
environment the reader should be aware that most companies complement national and
international standards with their own. National and international standards are inevitably
wide in scope and companies often wish to use only part of the standard. For example a
company may wish to rationalize the standards covering the range of drilled hole sizes,
thus reducing the variety of drill bits stored. The designers would then be restricted to using
only preferred sizes, unless there are exceptional circumstances.

Engineering Design Principles, Ken Hust, p:151

Standardization(old description)

Standardization is the important step towards
interchangeable manufacture, increased output and higher economy. The technique of
standardization comprises of determining optimal manufacturing processes, identifying the
best possible engineering material, and allied techniques for the manufacture of a product and
adhering to them very strictly so long as the better standards for all these are not identified.
Thus definite standards are set up for a specified product with respect to its quality, required
equipment, machinery, labor, material, process of manufacture and the cost of production.
(R. SINGH, Introduction to Basic Manufacturing Processes and Workshop Technology, pg.6)

3) Patent(Marketing)(better)

New ideas can earn millions for inventors if they are protected by patents. The inventor of
the ring-pull opener for cans still receives a small payment every time a can is sold!
However, this section is not about how to protect a new idea, rather it is about the use of
patents as a valuable information source. To assess the value of searching patent literature
as a means of satisfying your information needs it is necessary to be aware of the attributes
and shortcomings of the information which can be gained.
Every patent must add to the state of the art in the particular field. The description or
specification discloses an invention in sufficient detail for another person to be able to
repeat the invention and includes the reasoning behind the invention. The accompanying
search report or citations may give references which lead to further relevant information.
As an example of a patent, GB patent no. 2171746A showing a novel type of ladder
stabilizer is included here as Fig. 9.3.
Reading a patent can be difficult since a patent is a legal document which must stand up
to challenge in the courts. Also, standard industrial technology is rarely presented and the
document concentrates solely on the novelty contained in the invention. Any worked

examples assume expert knowledge on the part of the searcher.

Engineering Design Principles, Ken Hust, p:152

Patent (20.03.2011 15:17)(old description)

Patent means an official document giving the holder of the patent sole right to make, use or sell an invention ad preventing others from imitating it. Patents are generally granted to "inventions". Inventions include both tangible products as well as processes. A person owning a patent over a certain product of process has the sole right to use the product or process.
(Sople V. V., Managing intellectual property: the strategic imperative, 2006, p.74)

4) Autamated Manufacturing Systems(manufacturing)

Automated manufacturing systems operate in the factory on the physical product. They per-

form operations such as processing, assembly, inspection, or material handling, in some

cases accomplishing more than one of these operations in the same system. They are called

automated because they perform their operations with a reduced level of human partici-

pation compared with the corresponding manual process. In some highly automated sys-

tems, there is virtually no human participation. Examples of automated manufacturing

systems include:

• automated machine tools that process parts

• transfer lines that perform a series of machining operations

• automated assembly systems

• manufacturing systems that use industrial robots to perform processing or assern-

blyoperations

• automatic material handling and storage systems to integrate manufacturing operations

• automatic inspection systems for quality control

Automated manufacturing systems can be classified into three basic types (for our pur-

poses in this introduction; we explore the topic of automation in greater depth in Chapter 3):

(1) fixed automation. (2) programmable automation, and (3) flexible automation.

Automation, Production Systems and CIM, Mikell P. Groover, p: 10

---------------------------------
no old description
--------------------------------

5) Flow line production(anufacturing)(better)

Flow line production involves multiple workstations arranged in sequence, and the

parts or assemblies are physically moved through the sequence to complete the product.

The workstations consist of production machines and/or workers equipped with special-

ized tools. The collection of stations is designed specifically for the product to maximize ef-

ficiency. The layout is called 11product layout, and the workstations are arranged inlo one

long line, as in Figure l.3(d), or into a series of connected line segments. The work is usu-

ally moved between stations by powered conveyor. At each station. a small amount of the

total work is completed on each unit of product.

The most familiar example of flow line production is the assembly line, associated with

products such as cars and household appliances. The pure case of flow line production is

where there is no variation in the products made on the line. Every product is identical,and

the line is referred 10 as a single model production line. However, to successfully market a

given product. it is often necessary to introduce model variations so that individual cus-

tomers can choose the exact style and options that appeal to them, From a production

viewpoint, the model differences represent a case of soft product variety, The term

mixed-rnodet production tine applies to those situations where there is soft variety in the

products made on the line. Modern automobile assembly is an example. Cars coming off

the assembly line have variations in options and trim representing different models (and.

in many cases, different nameplates) of the same basic car design,

Much of our discussion of the types uf production facilities is summarized in Figure

1.4, which adds detail to Figure 1.2 by identifying the types of production facilities and plant

layouts used. As the figure shows, some overlap exists among the different facility types

Automation, Production Systems and CIM, Mikell P. Groover, p: 7.

Flow Line Production(old description)

Flow line production involves multiple pieces of equipment or workstations arranged in sequence, and the work units are physically moved through the sequence to complete the product. The workstations and equipment are designed specifically for the product to maximize efficiency.

(Groover M. P., Fundamentals of modern manufacturing: Materials, processes and systems, p. 19)