Melkan Çelik-503041311-4th week unanswered words

CAD/CAM-Assisted Part Programming- (programming)

Previous definition: The use of CAD/CAM takes computer-assisted part programming a step further by using a computer graphics system (CAD/CAM system) to interact with the programmer as the part program is being pre­pared. In the conventional use of APT, a complete program is written and then entered into the computer for processing. Many programming errors are not detected until com­puter processing. When a CAD/CAM system is used, the programmer receives immediate visual verification when each statement is entered, to determine whether the statement is correct. When part geometry is entered by the programmer, the element is graphically displayed on the monitor. When the tool path is constructed, the programmer can see exactly how the motion commands will move the tool relative to the part. Errors can be corrected immediately rather than after the entire program has been written. 

(Mikell P. Groover,Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing,4th Edition,pg.906)

New-better:

CAD systems are used to build the geometry of the part. Once the component has been geometrically defined, the CAM software allows the user to pick tools, select machine speeds, and other parameters. The software then allows the user to specify the direction of the cut. Once this is done, the CAM software directly generates the toolpath data as per the instructions.

Higher level systems use Solid Models for tool path generations. In this case, the tool paths are automatically linked with the part database. Thus, if there is a geometrical change, the tool path data would also be automatically updated. These systems are highly suitable for industries involved in producing complex components.

(CAD/CAM and Automation, Farazdak Haideri, p.558)

Operator Personnel Cost-(Accounting)

Previous definition: This cost covers all costs associated with the operation and maintenance support of the system throughout its product life cycle subsequent to equipment delivery in the field. Specific categories cover the cost of system operation, maintenance, sustaining logistic support, equipment modifications, and system/equipment phaseout and disposal. Costs are generally determined for each year throughout life cycle. The operations and maintenance is 

Co=(Coo+Com+Con+Cop)
where 
Coo - cost of system/equipment life cycle operations 

Com = cost of system/equipment life cycle maintenance 

Con = cost of system/equipment modifications 

Cop = cost of system/equipment phase-out and disposal

(Computer-Based Design and Manufacturing An Information-Based Approach, Emad Abouel Nasr,. Ali K. Kamrani ,p 39)

New-better:

Operator personel cost (C_oop); this cost covers the costs of operating personel as allocated to the system. A single operator may operate more than one system, but costs should be allocated on an individual system basis. Such costs include base pay or salary and allowances, fringe benefits, travel, clothing allowances, etc. The operating personel cost is

C_oop = [(T₀)(C_po)(Q_po)(N_po) * (%allocation)]

Where

T₀  = hours of system operation

C_po= cost of operator labor

Q_po= quantity of operators/system

N_po= number of operating systems

(Computer-Based Design and Manufacturing An Information-Based Approach, Emad Abouel Nasr,. Ali K. Kamrani ,p 40)-previous definition is about the cost of operation.