Halil_Kayhan_030070090_5th_week

ISO 14000(Previous)

ISO 14000 is a family of standards first published in September of 1996 and pertaining to international Environmental Management Systems (EMS). It concerns the way an organization's activities affect the environment throughout the life of its products. These activities (a) may be internal or external to the organization (b) range from production to ultimate disposal of the product after its useful life, and (c) include effects on the environment, such as pollution , waste generation and disposal, noise, depletion of natural resources, and energy use.

A rapidly increasing number of companies in many countries ( with Japan leading) have been obtaining certification for this standard. The ISO 14000 family of standards has several sections: Guidelines for Environmental Auditing, Environmental Assessment, Environmental Labels and Declarations, and Environmental Management.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 5th Edition, pg.1119)

ISO 14000(New) (Standards)
ISO 14000 series of standards has been designed to help enterprises meet their environmental management system needs. They have been under development by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) since 1991. The management system includes the settings of goals and priorities, assignment of responsibility for accomplishing them, measuring and reporting on results, and external verification of claims.
The ISO 14000 standards have been designed to help an organization implement or improve its environmental management system. The standards do not set performance values. They provide a way of systematically setting and managing performance commitments. That is, they are concerned with establishing '' how to'' achive a goal, not ''what'' the goal should be. In addition to the core management systems standards there are also a number of guidelines that provide supporting tools. These include documents on environmental auditing, environmental performance evaluation and environmental labelling and life cycle assessment.

(Sujata K Dass, Global Climate and Sustainable Development, page 40-41)

The new one is better.


Machine Cell Designs (Previous)
Design of the machine cell is critical in cellular manufacturing. The cell design determines
to a great degree the performance of the cell. In this subsection, we discuss types of machine
cells, ceJllayouts, and the key machine concept.

Types of Machine Cefls and Layouts. GT manufacturing cells can be classified according to the number of machines and the degree to which the material flow is mechanized between machines. In our classification scheme for manufacturing systems (Section 13.2), all GT cells are classified as type X in terms of part or product variety (Section 13.2.4, Table 13.3). Here we identify four common GT cell configurations (with system type identified
in parenthesis from Section 13.2):
1. single machine cell (type I M)
2. group machine cell with manual handling (type n M generally, type III M less common)
3. group machine cell with semi-integrated handling (type II M generally, type III Mless common)
4. flexibie manufacturing cell or flexible manufacturing system (type IT A generally, type III A less common)
(Groover P.M., Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 2nd Edition, p.435-436)
Machine Cell Designs (New) (Layout)

The goal of machine cell design is to arrenge the product or functional cells formed on the factory floor. Determining the layout of machine cells involves locating the cells in order to minimize the total material handling cost subject to some constraints (e.g. shape of the facility). If all cells were square in shape and of the same size, then the cell layout could be modeled as the quadratic assignment problem (QAP). The cell layout problem can be viewed as a machine layout problem, where each machşne represents a cell. Although cellular manufacturing offers numerous benefits, it is not always implemented due to the following: 1. Parts and machines may not form mutually exclusive clusters.
2. The data required from the formation of cells might not be available.

(Kusiak, A., Computational Intelligence in Design and Manufacturing, Wiley, New York, 2000, page 274) 

The new one is better.