030070111 Hakan YORULMUŞ 2nd Week definition

1) Physical Prototype (Manufacturing technology)

(previous)

Physical prototypes are tangible artifacts created to approximate the product. Aspects of the product of interest to the development team are actually built into an artifact for testing and experimentation. Examples of physical prototypes include models that look and feel like the product, proof-of-concept prototypes used to test an idea quickly, and experimental hardware used to validate the functionality of a product.

 

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing engineering and technology, 5th Edition, page 247)

(new)

A prototype can be a physical, tangible artificat or a virtual, intangible representation of a actualproduct such as CAD geometry depending on it's applications. These applications can range from proposing new concepts to obtaining empirical data from final prototype. The intent for building a physical prototype may be realize the conceptualization of a design and check from, fit and function prior to setting up expensive manufacturing process and tooling. Further, prototypes play a critical role in concept selection when multiple concepts are prototyped to identify the best or optimal design.

 

(Ashwin Michaelraj,Clemson University. Mechanical Engineering, Taxonomy of physical prototypes: Structure and validation, 2009 )

New definition is as good as previous one.Both definitions are good.

2) Zero inventory (sale strategy)

(previous)

Zero inventroy is a term which is used to describe Just in Time (JIT) inventory control system where emphasis is placed on reducing inventory to minimal levels to reduce costs and promote organizational effectiveness. This can result in sizable profit increases. Although an actual level of zero inventory is unlikely, a strategy to reduce inventory should result in lower expenses associated with warehousing, spoilage, and so forth. The term is sometimes used synonymously with just-in-time inventory.

(new)

ZI (Zero Inventory). This manufacturing concept is based on the idea that inventory is caused by inefficiency and thus a sign that something is wrong. A closely related concept is Just In Time, commonly abbreviated to JIT, i.e. the arrival of materials and semi-finished products at workstations at the very moment of actual need. Control of a JIT factory is often achieved with the aid of Kanban, a method that came to the USA and Europe from Japan.

(Herbert J. Griinwald Leonard Fortuin, Many steps towards zero inventory,  August 1989, page 359)

Previous definition is obvious than previous one. It is better one

3) Bar Code  (Classification tool)

(previous)

A barcode is an optical representation of data that uses a sequence of a predetermined pattern of parallel bars and gaps varying in widths and gap size. Upon reading the barcode by an optical scanner or the barcode reader the sequence can be interpreted numerically and alpha-numerically. Several different types of one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) barcodes exist. While 1-D barcodes or linear barcodes use bars and gaps to represent data, 2-D barcodes use geometrical patterns within images such as patterns of dots or squares and are also used frequently.

(Rida A., Yang L., Tentzeris M., RFID-Enabled Sensor Design and Applications, pg.15, Kayra Ermutlu)

(new)
Barcode, a printed series of parallel bars or lines of varying width that is used for entering data into a computer system. The bars are typically black on a white background, and their width and quantity vary according to application. The bars are used to represent the binary digits 0 and 1, sequences of which in turn can represent numbers from 0 to 9 and be processed by a digital computer. The presence or absence of a bar of a particular width in a particular position in a sequence is read by the computer as either a 0 or 1. Most such codes use bars of only two different widths (thick and thin), though some codes employ four widths. The numbers represented by a bar code are also printed out at its base. 
(Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04)

New definition is obvious than previous one. It is better one

4) Kohonen Network (Digital technology)

(previous) 

Kohonen network is a self-organizing map.Such a network can learn to detect regularities and correlations in their input and adapt their future responses to that input accordingly.The network parameters are adapted by a learning procedure based on input patterns only (unsupervised learning).Contrary to the standrd supervised learning methods , the unsupervised ones us input signals to exract knowledge from data. During learning , there is no feedback to the environment or the investigated process.Therefore, neurons and weghted connections should have a certain level of self-organization.Moreover, unsupervised learning is only usefull and effective when there is a redundancy of learning patterns.Input and neurons in the competitive layer are connected entirely.Furthermore , the concurrent layer is the network output which generates the response of the kohenen network.

(Springer,Artificcial neural networks for modelling and fault diagnosis of technical processes, page 20 )

(new)

Kohonen networks are an embodiment of some of the ideas developed by Rosenblatt, von der Malsburg, and other researchers. If an input space is to be processed by a neural network, the first issue of importance is the structure of this space. A neural network with real inputs computes a function f defined from an input space A to an output space B. The region where f is defined can be covered by a Kohonen network in such a way that when, for example, an input vector is selected from the region, only one unit in the network fires. Such a tiling in which input space is classified in subregions is also called a chart or map of input space. Kohonen networks learn to create maps of the input space in a self-organizing way. Kohonen’s model has a biological and mathematical background. It is well known in neurobiology that many structures in the brain have a linear or planar topology, that is, they extend in one or two dimensions. Sensory experience, on the other hand, is multidimensional. A simple event, such as the perception of color, presupposes interaction between three different kinds of light receptors. The eyes capture additional information about the structure, position, and texture of objects too.
(R. Rojas: Neural Networks, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996)

New definition is better, it has more details .

 5)  Drum-Buffer-Rope System (Control system)


(previous)
A drum-buffer-rope production control system has the following basic characteristics.
-The CCR beats the drum to set the pace for entire factory.
-An information rope ties production starts to the CCR.
An inventory buffer at (or heading toward) the constraint protects it from upstream stoppages.
(Beyond the Theory of Constraints, William Levinson, p42)

(new) 

Drum-Buffer-Rope (DBR) is the Theory of Constraints (TOC) production planning methodology originated by Eliyahu M. Goldratt in the 1980s. In fact, the concepts of DBR actually preceded the Five-Focusing- steps and the notion of the "throughput world" in the development of the TOC paradigm. While the DBR method is much simpler than the older Optimized Production Technology (OPT) algorithm and the recent Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) systems, for many production environments, especially those not currently, an even simpler method can be adopted. DBR model is designed to regulate the flow of work-in-process (WIP) through a production line at or near the full capacity of the most restricted resource in the manufacturing chain. To achieve this optimum flow, the entry of workorders into production is synchronized with the current production rate of the least capable part of the process, referred to as the capacity-constrained resource (CCR).  The production rate of this CCR is typically likened to the rhythm of a drum, and it provides the pace for the rest of the system.  The rope is essentially a communication device that connects the CCR to the material release point and ensures that raw material is not inserted into the production process at a rate faster than the CCR can accommodate it. The purpose of the rope is to protect the CCR from being swamped with workin-process.  To protect the CCR from being "starved" for productive work to do, a time buffer is created to ensure that workin-process arrives at the CCR well before it is scheduled to be processed.


(Eli Schragenheim and H. William Dettmer, Simplified Drum-Buffer-Rope A Whole System Approach to High Velocity Manufacturing, FL: St. Lucie Press, 2000)

New definition is more detailed and obvious than previous one. It is better one.