Ahmet Can OLDAÇ-030060098 -week2 definitions

Robust Design (old)

A robust design, process, or system is one that continues to function within acceptable parameters despite variabilities (often unanticipated) in its environment. In other words, its outputs (such as its function and performance) have minimal sensitivity to its input variations (such as environment, load, and power source). In addition, robustness refers to a product or machine performance being insensitive to tolerance changes that should not deteriorate significantly over its intended life.

For example, in a robust design, a part will function sufficiently well even if the loads applied (or their directions) go beyond anticipated values.

As a simple illustration of robust design, consider a sheet-metal mounting bracket to be attached to a wall with two bolts (Fig. 36.1a.). The positioning of the two holes on the bracket will include some error due to the manufacturing process involved. This error then will prevent the top edge of the bracket from being perfectly horizontal.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R., Manufacturing Engineering And Technology, p. 1116)

Robust design (new-better)     - "Product design"

First, a cornerstone of robust design is an awareness of variation. There is a view in which the product is affected not only by controllable factors but also by factors that are uncontrollable or hard to control. The latter factors are referred to as noise factors, which cause a characteristic to deviate from its desired and/or specified level. The natıre of noise factors as being impossible or expensive to control often makes robustness by means of control or elimination of these factors an unappealing approach. The goal in robust desing is to "create insensitivity to noise factors". Also the robust design does not in itself prescribe the use of certain methods applied in specified steps. So to summerize Robust Design means systematic efforts to achieve insesnsitivity to noise factors. These effors are founded on an awareness of variation and can be applied in all stages of product design.

(Robust Design Methodology for Reliability: Exploring the Effects of Variation and Uncertainty Bo Bergman, Jacques De Mare, Thomas Svensson, Sara Loren  p.39)

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Industrial Robots (old)
Introduced in early 1960s, industrial robots have been replacing humans in operations that are repetitive, dangerous, and boring, thus reducing the possibility of human error, decreasing variability in product quality, and improving productivity.
(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R., Manufacturing engineering and technology, 5th Edition, pg. 34)

Industrial Robot (new-better)    -  "Machinery and tooling"

As ISO 8373 defines: An automatically controlled, reprogrammablee, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.

Reprogrammable: whoce programmed motions or auxiliary fuctions may be changed without physical alterrations.

Multipurpose: capable of being adapted to a different application with physical alterations.

Physical alterations: alteration of the mechanical structure or control system except for changes of programming cassettes, ROMs, etc.

Axis: direction used to specift the robot motion in a linear or rotary mode.

(World Robotics: Statistics, Market Analysis, Case Studies And Profitability of Robot Investment, 2005  United Nations: Economic Commission for Europe, International Federation of Robotics   p.21-22)

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Continuous Path Tool Motion (old)

Continuous-path motion (also referred to as contouring) involves precise control of the path followed by the tool as it goes through the required motion.

In order to achieve this control over the tool motion, APT uses three control surfaces referred to as the drive surface, part surface, check surface. During contouring, all three surfaces must be defined explicitly or implicitly. The cutting tool is required to maintain continuous contact with the drive surface as well as the part surface. The part surface controls motion along the tool axis and tip of the tool maintains contact with the part surface. Therefore, the part surface determines how deep the tool cuts into the workpiece. The check surface is used to to indicate where the current tool motion stops (which is also where the next tool motion will start) The drive surface must always be given explicitly during a contouring motion, whereas the other surfaces may be given implicitly.

[Nanua Singh; Systems approach to computer-integrated design and

manufacturing,1996 ; pages 227-228]

Continuous Path Tool Motion (new-better)  - "Machinery and tooling"

The tool path for all profiling tools has to take into considiration the cutter radius either by programming the equidistant path for the center of the raidus or by using cutter radius offset. CNC machines for milling and turning are provided with rapid motion, linearinterpolation and curcular interpolation all as standart features. To generate more complex paths such as a helical milling motion, a special option has to be available in the control unit.

Positionning is used for a point location operations such as drilling, reaming, tapping and similar applications. Continuous path generates a profile(contour). The programmed data refer to the position of the cutter when a certain motion is completed this position is called tool target position.

most contouring operations require more than just one cutting motion, for example roughing and finishing. So a particular focus should be to minimize rapid tool motions to ensure safe clearances.

(CNC programming handbook: a comprehensive guide to practical CNC programming  Peter Smid p.39)

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CE (Concurrent Engineering) [old]

Concurrent engineering is a systematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design of products and their related processes, including manufacture and support. This approach is intended to cause the developers, from the outset, to consider of elements of the product life cycle from conception to disposal, including quality, cost, schedule, and user requirements. (Nanua Singh; Systems approach to computer-integrated design and manufacturing,1996 ; pg 103)

CE (Concurrent Engineering) [new-better]    - "Product design/process planning"

Concurrent Engineering is a systematic approach to the integrated, simutlateneous design of both products and their related processes, including manufacturing, test and support.

Concurrent Engineering is a concerted corporate effort to achieve maximum efficiency, economy, and quality through the total cusiness cycle; from product concept through desing, verification, manufacture, test and service. Related issues are teamwork, communication, culture, commitment, customer satisfaction, company competitiveness and early attention to manufacturing, test and support. This should not occur after the fact, where redesign is time consuming and expensive, nor should it be ignored, which means paying for the lack of proper concurrent engineering design over and over again in the factory and in the field.

(Managing concurrent engineering: buying time to market : a definitive guide to improved competitiveness in electronics design and manufacturing Jon L. Turino  p.3)

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Quality Function Deployment (old)
We can define QFD as converting the consumers' demands into 'quality characteristics' and developing a design quality for the finished product by systematically deploying the relationships between the demands and the characteristics, starting with the quality of each functional component and extending the deployment to the quality of each part and process. The overall quality of the product will be formed through this network of relationships.
QFD, broadly speaking, is a general term that means 'deployment of quality through deployment of quality functions.' (QFD Integrating Customer Requirements into Product Design, Yoji Akao, p5)

QFD - Quality Function Deployment (new-better)  -  "Product design"

The American Supplier Institute defines QFD as "a system for translating consumer requirements into appropriate company requirements at each stage from research and development to engineering and manufacturing to marketing/sales and distrubition." Simply QFD involves listening to the voice of the customer and systematically translating the customer's requirements through each phase of the product developement stage as requirements that the product must meet.

(House of Quality (Qfd) in a Minute: Quality Function Deployment   Christian N. Madu   p.1)