Selin KÖK 030070162 2nd week

Depth of cut

(Old)

The depth of cut is determined by the width of the chip. During the roughing operation, the depth of cut is usually much more greater than that of the finishing operation.. For turning, it is one-half the difference between the inner and the outer diameters of the workpiece. 

(Computer Aided Manufacturing, Chang T., Wysk R.A., Wang H., 2nd edition, 1998, Page: 141)

(new/better)

Ametal chip with a width of cut(b) and depth of cut (h) is sheared away from the workpiece. This parameters effect shear stres:

With the assumption of uniform stres distribution on the shear plane , the shear stress Ts is found to be:

τs = Fs/As

where the shear plane area is:

As =b. h/sin.Qc

(Yusuf ALTINTAS, Universıty of British Colombia, Manufactoring Automation, p.4)

Knowledge Engineering (KE)

 (old/better)

Knowledge management is strongly rooted in a discipline called knowledgeengineering, a field that involves the development of knowledge-based orexpert systems. Knowledge engineering emerged in the 1960s and 1970s,and gained commercial interest starting in the early 1980s. Knowledge engineeringgrew out of the field of artificial intelligence and focused on building computer programs that simulated the behavior of experts in well-defined domains of knowledge. The knowledge engineering process involves the capture, representation, encoding, and testing/evaluation of expert knowledge. As such, a knowledge base is built containing the set of facts and heuristics (rules of thumb) relating to the expert’s well-defined task of knowledge.

(Knowledge Management: Learning from Knowledge Engineering, Jay Liebowitz, p.3)

(new)

The goal of artificial intelligence is to simulate such human behaviors on the computer. The art of bringing relevant principles and tools of artificial intelligenceto bear on difficult application problems is known as Knowledge Engineering.

(Kalpakjian S. , Schmid S.R. , Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, p. 1231)

Adaptive control (AC)

(old)

Adaptive control (AC) is basically a dynamic-feedback system in which the operating parameters automatically adapt themselves to comform to new circumstances. Human reactions to occurrences in everyday life already contain dynamic-feedback control. For example, driving a car on a smooth road is relatively easy, and we need to make few (if any) adjustments. However, on a rough road, we may have to steer to avoid potholes by visually and continuously observing the condition of the road. Also, our body feels the car’s rough movements and vibrations; we than react by changing the direction and/or the speed of the car to minimize the effects of the rough road and to increase the comfort of the ride.

(Kalpakjian S. , Schmid S.R. , Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, p. 1161)

(new/better)

The application of AC in manufactoring is important particularly in situations where workpiece dimensions and quality are not uniform, such as in a poor casting or an improperly heat-treated part. In AC, the system is capable of automatic adjustments during processing through closed-up feedback control. 

(Kalpakjian S. , Schmid S.R. , Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, p. 1161-1162)

Flexible Manufactoring Cells ( FMC)

(old)

Manufactoring cells can be made flexible by using machining centers, CNC machines, and industrial robots or other mechanized systems for handling materials and work in progress. Flexible manufactoring cells also can be designed and operatedwith a central robot. Cell design and operation are more exacting, as the machines, the robots, the end effectors, and the control systems must function properly.

(Serope Kalpakjian, R. Schmidt, MANUFACTORING ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 5th Edition, page 1219)

(new/better) 

flexible manufactoring cells also can be designed and operated with a central robot. Because of the unique features of manufactoring cells, their design and placement in traditional plants requires the reorganization of the plant and the rearrengement of existing product flow lines. 
The cost of flexible cells can be high, but this is outweighed by increased productivity, flexibilty, and contollability.

(Serope Kalpakjian, R. Schmidt, MANUFACTORING ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 5th Edition, page 1220-1221)

Data Acquisition System (DAS)

(old/better)

Data-Acquistion Systems collect data automatically in CIM systems and report characteristics at specified rates of sampling. They also are capable of analyzing the data and transferring them to other computers for purposes such as statistical analysis, data presentation, and the forecasting of product demand. The components of DAS include microprocessors, transducers, and analog-to-digital converters.
(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R., Manufacturing engineering and technology, 5th edition , Pg. 1194)

(new/better)

Databases are built by individuals and using various sensors in the production machinery and equipment. Data are collected by automatically by a data- Acquisition System (DAS), which can report the number of parts being produced per unit of time, their dimentional accuracy, surface finish, weight, and other characteristics at spesified rates of sampling..  Data- Acquisition Systems (DAS)collect data automatically and capable of analyzing the data and transferring them.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R., Manufacturing engineering and technology, 5th edition , Pg. 1194)