Halil_kayhan_030070090_3rd_week_words

1. Vertical Machining Centres (New) : (CNC Machine type)

Vertical machining centers are mainly used for flat type of work, such as plates, where the majority of machining is done on only one face of the part in a single setup.
A vertical CNC machining center can also be used with an optional fourth axis, usually a rotary head mounted on the main table. The rotary head can be mounted either vertically or horizantally, depending on the desired results and the model type. This fourth axis can be used either  for indexing or a fully rotary motion. In the combination with a tailstock(usually supplied), the fourt axis in the vertical configuration can be used for machining long parts that need support at both ends.
The majority of vertical machining centers most operators work with are those with an empty table and three -axes configuration.

(Peter Smid, CNC programming handbook: a comprehensive guide to practical CNC programming, p.8)

There is no previous one.
2. Geometrical Tolerances:(Previous)
A geometrical tolerance defines the size and shape of a zone within which a toleranced entity has to lie. It controls the form, attitude or location of a face. Geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing of a workpiece also impose important constraints on the selection and sequencing of operations although the ways geometric tolerances influence the selection and sequence of operations can be very complex.Special cases of line forms are straightness and roundness (circularity). Special cases of surfaces are flatness (planarity) and cylindricity.

(INTEGRATING ADVANCED COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN, MANUFACTURING, AND NUMERICAL CONTROL:PRINCIPLES AND IMPLEMENTATIONS-1st Edition-Xun Xu-Chapter 7-P.133)

2.Geometrical Tolerances(New): (Technical drawing)

 The Geometrical Tolerances controls the shape or form . They are a way of expressing the deviation of form or shape of a particular profile from the defined original shape. The deviation can also be of position, where the actual geometrical form has deviated from the ideal geometric position with reference to a certain datum.

Thus, geometrical tolarances are used to:
1. Specify the permissible deviation controlling form or shape of a future
2. Ensure functional positioning of the feature.
3. Ensure interchangeability of components
4. Facilitate the assenbly of mating components. [1]

Geometrical charasteristics symbols are a set of fourteen symbols used in the language of geometric tolerencing.They are shown in Figure 2-11.[2]

(Nirali Prakashan, Retail and distribution management, p.164)[1]

(Alex Krulikowski, geometric dimensioning and tolerencing, p. 38)[2]

The new one is better.

3. Cost Accounting:(previous)

Cost accounting is the process of accounting for costs, which begins with recording of income and expenditure or the bases on which they are calculated and ends with the preparation of statistical data. Cost accounting is thus the formal mechanism by means of which costs of products or services are ascertained and controlled.

(Bhar B.K., Cost Accounting, pg.12, Kayra Ermutlu)

Cost Accounting:(new) (Finance)

Cost accounting is the classifying, recording and appropriate allocation of expenditure for the determination of the costs of products or services and for the presentation of suitably arranged data for the purposes of control and guidance of management. Cost accounting includes the calculation of cost of every product, job, section, department, process, service.
According to Wheldon, ''Cost accounting is the application of accounting and costing principles, methods and techniques in the ascertainment of costs and the analysis of variances as compared with standards or previous experience.''
Cost accounting is the method of accounting for cost.
All the costs incurred from the very beginning of manufacturing operation till the final stage of disposal of goods find their recording and accounting in cost acccounting.
I.C.M.A London defines Cost accounting as, '' The process of accounting for cost fromt the point at which expenditure is incurred or committed to the establishment of its ultimate relationship with cost centres and cost units. In its widest usage it embraces the preparation of statistical data, the application of cost control methods and the ascertainment of the profitability of activities carried out or planned.''
Special Features of Cost Accounting :
1. It provides information for cost.
2. It records income and expenditure relating to production of goods and services.
3. It helps to prepare the tenders and quotation prices.
4. It helps  in cost control of the product job, process etc.
5. Its accounting is spplementary to financial acconts.
6. It helps in preparing budgets and standard of cost and the varience analysis for controlling cost.
7. Cost account helps management in planning, control and decision-making.

(SP Gupta, Ajay Sharma, Satish Ahuja, Cost Accounting, pg. 6)

The new one is better, because it has more detailed information.

4.  Cold Forging (Previous)
Cold forging plants usually receive small-diameter material in coils and large-diameter stock in bars. IN very large-volume production, horizontal mechanical presses, called headers or upsetters, are used. The coil, coated with lubricant, is fed into the machine, where it is sheared and forged in several steps. In forging of relatively small production lots, vertical presses are used and individual billets are fed into the first die station. Billet volume or weight is closelly controlled, and it is desirable to obtain square billet faces during shearing or sawing.
In cold forging, the lubircant is required to withstand high pressures on the order of 280ksi(1930Mpa) in extrusion of steel, so as to avoid metal-to-metal contact between the tool and the extruded material. In cold forging of low-carbon and low-alloy steels, it is accepted practice to coat the surface of the billet or coil with a lubircant carrier.
(Cold And Hot Forging: Fundamentals And Applications, Taylan Altanpage214)

Cold forging:(new) (Production type)

Cold forging is a process which forms metal at room temperature to a desired shape by forcing a lubricated slug-into a closed die under very high pressure. The force could be generated by hydraulic or mechanical presses, the metal is reformed in continuous, unbroken lines that follow the contour of the part, increasing resistence to shear and breaking.
In cold forging, the slug (blank) contained in the die is shaped by compressive force of a punch.The metal may be forced back along the punch as a backward extrusion, ot it could be a combination of both.
Cold extrusion is a high production operation which can be automated to produce complete or near complete parts without generating waste material. These cold extruded parts begin as raw material. These cold extruded parts begin as raw material in rods, bars, coils or billets. The individual pieces, called slugs, are produced by shearing, sawing, blanking or any other convenient mehod.

(James A. Brown, Modern Manufacturing Processes, p.101)

The new one is better.

5. Semifinished part