Manufacturing Enterprise (Method)
(Old)
For most enterprises, the long term
goal is to stay in business, grow and make a profit. This is particularly true
of manufacturing enterprises, which must understand the dynamic changes that
are taking place in the business environment. The 21st century business environment
can be characterized by expending global competition and products of increasing
variety and lower demand. The globalization of economic activity has brought
about a sea change in the attitudes of customers. Customer individualism is certain
to become the central theme of business.
(Nanua Singh, Computer-Integrated Design and Manufacturing 1996, pg. 1)
(Nanua Singh, Computer-Integrated Design and Manufacturing 1996, pg. 1)
(New / Better)
Manufacturing
enterprises are now global business covering multiple sites around the world
and consist of a number of shop floors, service providers and suppliers of
materials and components. With advances taking place in information,
transportation, networking and communication technology companies / factories
are being organized as a network of units, each unit corresponding to a well-defined
objective in a classical set up such as production plant, storage plant,
transportation hub, customer relation etc. Without the necessity of either
locating all the units at the same physical location of the plant or owning all
the units by the management of the primary plant establishment. This leads to
the description of an Extended Enterprise where all resources such as stock,
space and production capacity of all the enterprises are added together.
( Ann
Macintosh,Richard Ellis,Tony Allen,British Computer Society. Specialist Group
on Artificial Intelligence, Applications and
innovations in intelligent systems XIII, p.165 )
Internal Failure Cost (Term)
(Old)
Internal
failure occurs when products fail to meet the customer quality requirements
before being shipped to the customers. Internal failure costs include all the
cost elements involved in rectifying this situation. Examples of internal
failure cost elements are failure analysis, scrap, repair, retest, downtime,
yield losses and downgrading of usual specifications.
(Nanua Singh, Computer-Integrated Design and
Manufacturing 1996, pg. 351)
(New / Better)
Internal failure costs are those
defects that the organization discovers before the product received by the
customer. In ındustrial organizations, such costs include scrap (raw materials
that have been ruined as well as labor and overhead) and the reworking of
defects. In health care organizations, such internal failure typically occurs
during the treatment of the patient.
For health care organizations
under cost reimbursement, these costs had little impact. Suppose that a X-ray
were taken improperly, ant the results could not be read for a definitive
diagnosis. A patient often could be charged for both the original X-ray and the
follow up one.
(Steven
A. Finkler, David Marc Ward, Judith J. Baker, Essentials of
cost accounting for health care organizations, p.407 )
Deformation Twinning
(Old)
Twinning is a deformation
mechanism that represents reorientation or rotation of the crystal lattice.
Figure 1.2.12 contains a schematic diagram of a crystal structure with a twin
after the application of a shear stress. The twin is formed by the rotation of
each atom about an axis through the center of the atom. The twin plane is the
plane of symmetry. It is perpendicular to the plane of the figure and separates
the twinned and undeformed regions. Twinning occurs very rapidly, as in a 'snap
through' mechanism and can produce a loud click. Twinning during a tensile test
produces serrations or jumps in the tensile curve.
(Stouffer D. C., Dame T., Inelastic deformation of metals:
models, mechanical properties, and metallurgy, p. 18, 19)
(New / Better)
Deformation twinning is one of the primary response mechanisms to plastic
deformation in a wide variety of materials including metals, alloys, ceramics,
superconductors and minerals. It has long been a topic of practical importance
for materials scientists, twinning microstructures can significantly affect
physical and transport properties such as macroscopic strength, toughness,
hardness and thermal and electronic conductivity.
Deformation twinning, along with dislocations, stacking faults and phase transformations,
is of interest as well in rock-forming minerals. It could provide clues to
unraveling the thermal histories of rocks, given that twinning microstructures
can be sensitive to temperature and pressure.
( Shouliang Zhang, The Johns Hopkins University, TEM
studies of augite (100) deformation twinning boundaries, quartz sand , p.52 )
Average Tardiness
(Old)
As the average tardiness
of parts is estimated based on the total number of parts produced
in the production period, it
does not give the exact feel of the tardiness of parts in system.
(N.P.Sukesh Bhanu Sankar,N. Ramesh Babu and O.V. KKrishnaiah Chetty,Handling system )
(New / Better )
The major performance measures of
the system include the number of tardy parts, average tardiness, sum of
tardiness, makes pan, machine utilization and work in process inventory.
( P. Radhakrishnan, Recent
Trends In Applied Systems Research 1995
, p.464 )
ASM (Analytical Solid Modeling) (Method)
(Old)
In analytical solid modeling, the
tensor product method that is used to represent surfaces is extended to
three-dimensional parametric space with parameters, say, s, t and u. This is
similar to representing a curve by one-dimensional parametric space with one
parameter and the surface by two-dimensional parametric space with two
parameters. The techniques for creating spline or patch curve segment or
surface patches are valid in ASM. As in surface representation, a general solid
describe by x, y and z in Cartesian space is mapped into three-dimensional
parametric space via the tensor product formulation.
(Nanua Singh, Computer-Integrated Design and
Manufacturing 1996, pg. 83)
(New
/ Better)
In analytical solid modeling
(ASM), as shown in fig. 10.14 the tensor product method that is used to
represent surfaces is extended to three-dimensional parametric space with
parameters say s, t and u. This is similar to representing a curve by
one-dimensional parametric space with one parameter (say t ) and a surface by
two-dimensional parametric space with two parameters.
No comments:
Post a Comment