4.
Product Liability
(Previus
Answer-better)
We
are all familiar with consequences of a product's malfunction or failure,
possibly causing bodily injury ( or even death) and financial lose to a
person or a organisation.This important topic is
referred to
as product liability.Laws generally vary from state to state, adn from
country to country.Designing and manufacturing safe products is an essential
and integral aspect of a manufacturer's
responsibilities.All
those involved with product design, manufacture, and marketing must fully
recognize the consequences of product failure,including failures occurring
during possible misuse
of the
product.Numerous examples of products that involve liability can be cited,
such as (a) grinding wheelthat shatters and blinds a worker; (b) a cable that
snaps, allowing a platform to drop;
(c)brakes
that become inoperative because of the failure of a component; (d) machines
with no guards or inappropriate guards;and (e)electrical and pneumatic tools
withput proper warnings.
(Kalpakjian,
Smith; Manufacturing Engineering and Technology,p. 39)
(New
Answer)
The
product liability climate can have substantial
impact on fhe working
environment of engineers charged
with product safety.
Many product liability controversies
turn on the
notion of "standard of care", which has both
legal and ethical dimensions.
Proponents
o f product liability reform,
including
many professional engineering
societies, argue that the
current system unjustly rewards
plaintiffs and stifles
technological innovation, resulting
in decreased product
safety.
Supporters of the current system counter that it
generally works as intended in
discouraging the manufacture
of defective products and
compensating people injured by
such defects.
While often
addressed only in legal and policy contexts,
product liability and calls for its
reform are also ethical
issues for engineers and software designers . The
regulatory and product liability
climates have substantial
impact on
the working environment of engineers charged
with product safety since most are
employed by large
corporations . Also, many
discussions of product liability
implicitly
tum on the notion of "standard of care", which has
both legal and ethical dimensions.
Teaching
product liability as an ethical issue in engineering and computer science
Herkert,
J.R.; O'Connell, B.M.
Frontiers
in Education, 2003. FIE 2003 33rd Annual (0190-5848) (0-7803-7961-6)
2003.
Vol.3;p.S2A-S12 vol.3
5. Preproduction Prototypes
(Previus
Answer-better)
Preproduction
prototypes are the first products produced by the entire production
process.At this point the production process is not yet operating at full
capacity but is making limited quantities
of the
product.These prototypes are used to verify production process capability,
are subjected to further testing, and are often supplied to preferred
customers.Preproduction prototypes are
sometimes
called pilot-production prototypes.
(Kalpakjian,
Smith; Manufacturing Engineering and Technology,p. 261)
(New
Answer)
A
project official stated that
the drawing count and
additional analyses, prototypes, and engineering models were used at the
critical
design
review to evaluate the project’s design stability. The project has since
released the remainder of the
engineering drawings.
In addition
to released drawings, firms often relies on subject matter
experts in the design review
process and other methods to assure that
a
project has a stable design. Some projects indicated that completing
engineering models,
which are preproduction prototypes, and holding
sub-system
level for instruments and components helped to assess
design stability, at
least in part. Offi cials for these projects indicated that
use
of engineering models helps decrease risk of unit development;
projects that did not
use engineering models indicated they might have
caught
problems earlier had they used them.
Assessments
of Selected Large-Scale Projects, NASA-February
2010-P.23,67
6. Generative System (in CAPP System) (Previus
Answer)
A process
plan is automaticlly generated on the basis of the same logical procedures
that would be followed by a traditional process planner in making that
particular part. However, the
generative
system is complex because it must contain comprehensive and detailed
information of the part shape and dimensions; process capabilities; selection
of manufacturing methods,
machinery
and tools: and the sequence of operations to be performed.
(Kalpakjian,
Smith; Manufacturing Engineering and Technology,p. 1205)
(New
Answer-better)
Process planning is a function in a manufacturing
organization
that selects the manufacturing processes and parameters
to
be used to transform a part from its initial state to the
final form according to
the design specifications. It is a bridge between
product
design and product manufacturing. The activities
of process planning
include understanding the part specifications
or
product design data, selection of job material and tool, setup
planning, sequencing the
operations within a setup, determination
of process
parameters for each operation, and generation of
process sheets.
Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) is the way in
which most
companies are automating their process planning
and
overcoming the shortage of skilled process planners.
CAPP
systems are generally developed along two approaches
– variant and generative.
The variant
approach makes
use of group technology principles
for classifying the parts into
part families based on their
geometric and manufacturing attributes.
In the
generative approach, a process plan is created from
scratch by mapping the part
geometry and technical information
on to the
manufacturing databases using process planning logic
stored in a structured format.
This requires the use of a decision
support
system (DSS). A DSS is an interactive system
that provides the users with easy
access to decision models in
order to
support semi-structured or unstructured decision making
tasks.
Development
of a generative CAPP system for axisymmetric components for a job shop
environment
Kumar,
Manish; Rajotia, Sunil.
The
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (1433-3015)
2005-01-12.
Vol.27; P.136,137
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