As discussed earlier, the income approach is based on the concept that the value of an asset today represents its expected future benefits discounted to a present value. Victoria uses the discounted cash flow (DCF) methodology in her analysis. This method forecasts Acme`s cash flows for several years -often five years-- into the future and discounts them to a present value. In addition, this method assumes that Acme will be sold at some point in the future and the owner will receive sales proceeds at that time.
(Grossman T.Livingstone J.L.,The Portable MBA in Finance and Accounting, page428)
Discounted cash flow : (New)(Better)(financial management)
The Discounted cash flow (DFC) approach describes a method to value a project or an entire company using the concepts of the time value of money. It is widely used in investment finance, real estate development, corporate financial management, and other development projects. All future cash flows are estimated and discounted to give them a present value. DFC includes the present value (PV) and IRR methods of analyzing cash flows. The DFC provides insight into financial management.
(Fundamentals of Irrigation and On-Farm Water Management, 1. cilt, M. H. Ali, p.535)
Remote terminal Unit : (Previous)
An RTU (Remote terminal unit) provides intelligent I/O collection and processing, such as reading inputs from switches, sensors, and transmitters and than arranging tje representive data into a format that the SCADA system can understand. The RTU also converts output values provide by the SCADA systems from their digital form into that which can be understood by field-controllable devices such as discrete(relay) and analog outputs (current voltage
(Techno Security's Guide to Securing SCADA, Jack Wiles, Ted Claypoole; p.55)
Remote terminal Unit : (New)(Better)(Automation Equipment)
The distribution SCADA system acquires data (measurements and states) of the distribution network from Remote terminal Unit (RTU). This data is recived by an RTU situated in the substation (referred to here as the station RTU), from the remote terminal units stuated in other parts of the distribituon network (referred to here as the field RTU).
The field RTUs act as the interface between the sensors in the field and the station RTU. The main functions of the field RTU are to: manitor both the analogue and digital sensor signals (measurements) and actuator signals (status), and convert the analogue signals comming from the sensors and actuators into digital form. The station RTU acquires the data drom the field RTUs at a predifined interval by polling. However, any status changes are reported by the field RTUs whenever they occur.
(Smart Grid: Technology and Applications, Janaka Ekanayake,Nick Jenkins,Kithsiri Liyanage,Jianzhong Wu,Akihiko Yokoyama, p.125)
Early equipment management : (Previous)
Early equipment management concern equipment users, engineering companies, and equipment manufacturers, and addresses the following areas:
-Equşpment investment planning
-Process design
-Equipment design, fabrication and construction
-Test operation
-Startup management
All activities from the initial design of a piece of equipment to its installition and test operation can be viewed as a single, giant project.the project start with process design, basic plant design, and detailed design and unfolds in include procurement, fabrication, construction, and test operation.
(TPM in process industries, Tokutarō Suzuki; p.17)
Early equipment management : (New)(Better)(maintenance management)
Maintenance prevention activities are directed to reduce the time between the equipment design and their stable operation. In many organizations theese type of activities are known as early equipment management activities, that can be basically divided into activities devoted to:
- Reduce the startup time of new machines, systems and facilities;
- Minimize the needs for maintenance after their installation;
- Incorporate existing recent inprovoments to acquired equipments;
- Ensure that the acquisitions of new equipment is based on their Life Cycle Cost (LCC);
- Integrate the equipment engineering project with their future maintenance.
It is clear that many of these activities can also be carried out on existing equipment and therefore maintenance prevention activities are not necessarily related only to the preparatory phase but can also take place during the operational phase of equipment.
(The maintenance management framework: models and methods for complex systems, Adolfo Crespo Márquez, p.302)
Supervisory control and data acquisition : (Previous)
after having dealt with the basic hardware modules of a real time system, let us first concentrate on Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, since it is the first step towards automation. The basic functions carried out by an SCADA system are:
-Channel scanning
-Conversion into engineering units
-Data processing
(Computer-Based Industrial Control, Krishna Kant; p.12)
Supervisory control and data acquisition : (New)(Better)(Control and measurement Systems)
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) networks are large-scale industrial control and measurement systems primarily used to control and monitor the condition of field-based assets remotely from a central location. SCADA network are used pervasively in a wide of industries, including electricity power generation and transmission , chemical and perochemical industries, highways and transport, oil and gas and steel production, as well as research and development. Modern SCADA systems exibit predominantly open-loop control charecteristics and utilize predominantly long-distance communications, although some elements of close loop control and or short-distance communications may also be present. A SCADA system performs four function.
(Advanced Industrial Control Technology, Peng Zhang, p.375)
Distributed control systems : (Previous)
Idea of networked software agents is particularly popular in the field of information sciences dealing with distributed content, whereas in industrial automation its use is usually limited to manufacturing system. This work presente a concept of multiagent networking system for automation of continuous processes. Some properties of typical software agent had to be dropped in exchange for determinism and satisfying time performance in negotiations between network-connected control components. The proposed environment is National Instrument LabVIEW, very popular solutıon for automation and measurement. LabVIEW is equipped with advanced data acquisition tools and is capable of artificial intelligence methods, although it lacks agentification mechanisms.A framework is presented, providing LabVIEW the required functionality.
(Nguyen N.T.,Agent and multi-agent systems-- technologies and applications,page 21)
A distributed control system typically consist of a control room network connecting multiple control, display, and comminication devices. These devices include operator and engineer workstations, continuous and discrete process controllers, field network interfaces, and computing resources, as well as other node types. The distributed control system architecture allows these devices to be distributed by either function or geographic area. The individual devices are optimized for the specific function they serve . However , this geographical and functional distribution and the quantity and complexity of the individual devices and their interconnections make the development of and effective maintenance program a significant challenge.
(Maintenance of instruments & systems, Lawrence D. Goettsche, 353)
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