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1-) Flat Honing ( New ) ( Better ) ( Finishing Process / Manufacturing )

"Fine grinding, also known as flat honing, is a new technology using fixed abrasive in lieu of loose abrasive for precision finishing. Depending upon the application, fine grinding technology utilizes fixed abrasive diamond or CBN (Cubic Boron Nitride) suspended in resin, metal, and vitrified bonds to grind a wide range of materials to very tight specifications. Fine grinding technology uses similar planetary machine designs and kinematics to traditional lapping technology, with several significant advantages.

Fine grinding represents the next-generation precision finishing technology, offering several advantages over the traditional lapping process yet still yielding similar flatness, parallelism, surface finish, and size tolerances. The fine grinding process is much cleaner than lapping, virtually eliminating swarf disposal and work piece cleaning issues. This process is also typically 3-20 times faster than lapping, blurring the lines between traditional lapping and grinding technologies.

The continuing development of fine grinding equipment and processes is bridging the gap between traditional flat lapping and grinding machines, utilizing the best technologies of both. Significant growth is expected in this technology throughout the metal, ceramics, and composites finishing

industries where fine grinding offers increased productivity, reduced manufacturing costs, and a positive impact on the work environment.

Effective component processing using fine grinding technology requires heavy-duty equipment with sophisticated control systems capable of high plate rotation speeds and down-pressure generation. Fine grinding machines are available in both single sided and dual faced configurations. This line of equipment has been designed using the latest machine construction and control system technology, capable of executing complex grinding routines while producing precise and repeatable results.

Typical applications include thin Parts, washers, stampings, gaskets, spacers, wafers, clutch disks, rings, seals, and thrust washers.

Compare the Advantages

Traditional Lapping

Performed with loose abrasive

Stock removal through rolling action

Lapped surface is dull and crater-like

Material and lapping compound are not recycled

Lapping parts are contaminated and require cleaning

Slow stock removal rates

Fine Grinding

Performed with superabrasive solid or pelleted plates

Stock removal through scraping action

Fine-ground surface has cross-hatched marks

Coolant/swarf is recycled

Fine ground parts are coated with thin layer of coolant and do not require cleaning

3-20 times faster than lapping"

( Columbia Grinding Inc. , Fine Grinding )

Flat honing ( Old )
Flat honing is designed to correct out-of-flatness and out-of-parallelism, as well as improve the surface finish and produces a desired thickness. Typical surface conditions prior to flat honing are: over size, out-of-parallel, bowed, and rough. Usually a lapped or honed surface is a baseline from which important dimensions are taken; there are places where 0.0001’’ out-of-flatness or out-of parallelism could ruin an assembly, for example, a hydraulic seal or ball bearing race.
(Brown, J.A., Modern Manufacturing Processes,Industrial Press. Inc., pg. 225)

2-) Abbrasive Flow Machining ( New ) ( Manufacturing Method )

"Abrasive flow machining ( AFM ) finishes surfaces and edges by forcing a flowable media through or across the workpiece. Abrasion occurs only where the flow of media is restricted, otherwise the abrasive has no effect. The process works on many surfaces or selected passages simultaneously, reaching even seemingly inaccessible cross holes and interior areas.
Several parts can be abraded at one time, thus yielding rates of production of hundreds per hour. A variety of finishes can be produced at the same time by altering process paramaters. In production applications, tooling is designed to be loaded and changed quickly. In current industrial practice, the last remaining high cost area is part finishing or deburring. Unless one of the new machining methods for deburring is utilized, finishing remains a labor intensive, uncontrollable area.
Abrasive flow machining is used in many applications involving deburring, polishing, and edge radiusing. Advances in both tool design and media formulation have established AFM as a means of satisfaying difficult manufacturing requirements."

( Brown James, Modern Manufacturing Processes, pg. 155 )

THERE IS NOT OLD DEFINITION !!!

3-) Laser Range Finder ( New ) ( Measurement Device )

"Laser range finders were the first military application of the laser as a tool of war ( Neuenswander, 2001 ). A laser range finder is a laser light source that uses a laser beam to determine the distance to a reflective object. It has two basic parts, the laser and a laser receiver. After the laser is fired, the object it hits reflects the laser energy. Some of this dispersed energy is reflected back toward the laser and is detected by the receiver, which processes the speed that the laser energy took to travel to the target and return. Distance to the target is then computed based on the speed of the laser light and the duration of time it travelled. This process is completed quickly and accurately, and it substantially increases the probability that first shots will be hits for many military weapons."

( Paul T. Bartone, Ross H. Pastel, and Mark A. Vaitkus, Applying Army Research Psychology for Health and Performance Gains, pg. 93 )

Laser range finder: ( Old ) ( Better )
The laser range finder employs a laser generator, a target, an extremely accurate timing mechanism, a computer for converting time information into a calculated distance, and a readout. The range finder fires a laser beam at the target, which in turn simultaneously starts the timing mechanism. The timing mechanism is typically graduated in microsecond (milionths of a second), and some current timing mechanisms are registering time in femtoseconds (quadrillionths of a second).
Due to coherent nature of a laser light beam, it remains in a straight beam as it travels to the target, and as it is reflected back. When the beam is reflected back to the initial point of origin, it strikes a sensor on the laser generator and stops the timing mechanism. Since the speed of light, although very fast, is a constant speed, the computer can easily calculate the elapsed time from the moment the laser left until the time it returned, and convert that into a distance using the speed of light in feet per second. The result is displayed on the readout as a distance in feet or meters.

(Campbell P. D. Q., An introduction to measuration and calibration, 1995, p. 144,145)

4-) LEMO Connectors ( New ) ( Better ) ( Connectors )

LEMO is a precision push-pull locking connector for demanding applications. Lemo is a registered trademark of LEMO [1]. The Lemo connector plug locks down when pushed into a receptacle. An upward force is required on an outer knurled collet on the plug to disengage it [2]. Lemo connectors are being used in different fields. It is used for tiny sockets and plugs of musical instruments and devices, for instance. Mr. Nisbett declares ,usage of Lemo connectors in music area, in his book " The pins are more delicate, and the plugs and sockets smaller. For connectors that must be secure, a screw collar may be provided. Amongst others, Lemo connectors ( adopting another common standart ) are tiny, with fine pins, but tough and reliable for use with ( for example ) compact radio microphone transmitters." [3].

For Panaflex Power Supplies also, lemo connectors are used. It is mentioned in Panaflex book " On Panaflex 16 ( and on some PLATINUM PANAFLEX ) cameras the power supply is attached to the camera via a 2-pin Lemo connector, the right hand one of three sockets situated at the bottom left hand corner of the right hand side of the camera.
On other PANAFLEX and PSR cameras the power supply is attached to the camera via a 3-pin Lemo connector, the centre one of three sockets situated at the bottom left hand corner of the right hand side of the camera." [4].

1 - ( Zhang Peng, Industrial Control Technology, pg. 137 )
2 - ( Ricco A. J. Butler M. A. Vanysek P. Horvai G. Silva A. F. Chemical and Biological Sensors and Analytical Electrochemical Methods, pg. 1071 )
3 - ( Nisbett Alec, The Sound Studio, pg. 86 )
4 - ( Samuelson David W. Panaflex User's Manual, pg. 116 )

Lemo Connectors: ( Old )

The lemo connector plug locks down when pushed into a receptable. An upward force is required on an outer knurled collet out the plug to disengage it. Both the laser fiber and the collection fiber bundles are terminated in the CPT at the Raman probe with a Lemo connector. The lemo connectors are attached to the ARA electrical cables by means of a 26 gauge wire loop, which in turns is connected to the Lemo fiber optic release collet. The connectors are released when the wires, terminated in 30 wire Lemo friction fitted connector, are retrieved from the cone penetrometer pipe. Pull testing by ARA at a distance of 60ft. Demonstrated the ease of optical cable connector release, requiring no more than 2N of pull force. The fiber cables are jacketed in 3.8 mm O.D. Hytel composite material with Kevlar fiber reinforcement. This material is both durable and flexible, and can easily withstand the temparature requirements of the tank environment.

(Antonio Joseph Ricco, Chemical And Biological Sensors and Analytical Electrochemical Methods, Page 1071)

5-) Power Tooling ( New ) ( Connectors )

Grade St3 or ‘better’ refers to Power Tooling or better, which is not clearly defined. Power tooling is known to be a method, able to produce the desired Cleanliness Grade. However, same method, in many cases is known to destroy the existing roughness profile if applied incorrectly (by polishing).

Section 3.3 of same Table 1 refers to the power tooling Standard St3 or " better " or SA 2.5 where practicable, which wording " better " is not defined.

( IACS,Annex 2d )

Power tooling ( Old ) ( Better )

Turning centres, like any lathe, normally feed a stationary tool into the rotating workpiece. This is satisfactory for components that are circular about their rotational axis or if holes are required along the machine’s rotational centre-line. However, if features that cannot be produced by such relative motion are required, then, after all turning operations are completed, it is necessary for the part to pass to other forms of machine tool, such as a milling machine or drill. With the advent of power tooling, these separate operations can often now be avoided. A power tool, as its name implies, is tooling that has its own power supply, which enables it to rotate independently of the main rotational axis of the machine tool. With the component still clamped in themachine’s chuck, but of course not rotating, the turning centre can then be programmed to bring in suchpower tooling to any required position relative to the workpiece. In this way machining radial holes, flats, etc.is possible, and even cam-type profiles can be produced by controlling precision feed in the C-axis relative to movement of the power tool in the x-axis. In many cases, by judicious planning, quite complex parts can be completed entirely on the turning centre.This avoids the time and cost of setting up a succession of secondary machines and the queuing delays that inevitably occur as batches of parts pass from one machine tool to another. Thus, productivity can be dramatically increased with a modest capital outlay in power tooling monitoring (Waters F., Fundamentals of Manufacturing for Engineers, p. 259).