The bulk deformation process refine the starting shapes, sometimes improving mechanical properties, and always adding commercial value. Deformation process work by stressing the metal sufficently to cause it to plastically flow into the desired shape. Bulk deformation processes are performed as cold, warm, and hot working operations. Cold and warm working is appropriate when the shape change is less severe, and there is need a to improve mechanical properties and achieve good finish on the part. Hot working is generally required when massive deformation of large workparts is involved.
(Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing, 3rd Edition; Mikell P. Groover ; Page: 390,391)
Statistical Quality Control
Statistical Quality Control is a set of techniques intended to aid in the improvement of system quality. Statistical Quality Control(SQC) refers to the application of statistical methods to monitor and evaluate systems and to determine whether changing key input variable (KIV) settings is appropriate. Specifically, SQC is associated with Shewhart’s statistical process charting (SPC) methods. These SPC methods include several charting procedures for visually evaluating the consistency of key process outputs (KOVs) and identifying unusual circumstances that might merit attention. In common usage, however, SQC refers to many problem-solving methods. Some of these methods do not relate to monitoring or controlling processes and do not involve complicated statistical theory. In many places, SQC has become associated with all of the statistics and optimization methods that professionals use in quality improvement projects and in their other job functions. This includes methods for design of experiments (DOE) and optimization.
(Introduction to Engineering Statistics and Six Sigma, Theodore T. Allen; Page: 29)
Brinell Hardness
Brinell hardness test has a hard spherical indenter which is pressed under a fixed normal load on to the smooth surface of the metal under examination. The load and indenter are removed after balance has been reached like 15 or 30 seconds and diameter of permanent impression measured. Brinell hardness number (BHN) is then expressed as the ratio of load W to curved area of indentation.
(The Hardness of Metals, D. Tabor; Page:6)
Overall Equipment Efficiency(OEE)
OEE stands for Overall Equipment Efficiency and is the primary measure of production effectiveness. It can be used for value stream or individual work station performance evaluation. Good value stream OEE is one of the key precursors to the implementation of Lean and is the product of three important operational parameters. These are: Equipment availability, quality yield, cycle-time performance. To calculate OEE, you will need five parameters. First is the planned production time for the line. Second is the unplanned line downtime. Third is the line cycle time, or cycle time, of the bottleneck. Fourth is the total production including scrap, and fifth is the total amount of salable product.
(How to Implement Lean Manufacturing, Lonnie Wilson; Page:61)
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