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Durometer Test

This is an empirical test, in which an indenter is pressed against the surface and then a constant load is rapidly applied. The depth of penetration is measured after one second; the hardness is inversely related to the penetration.

There are two different scales for this test. Type A has a blunt indenter and a load of 1 kg; it is used for softer materials. Type D has a sharper intender and a load of 5 kg; it is used for harder materials. The hardness number in these tests range from 0 to 100. (Kalpakjian, Smith; Manufacturing Engineering and Technology 4^th Edition; pg 71)

Integral Transfer Devices

Machines are often used in a sequence, so that workpieces are transferred directly from machine to machine. Machinery combinations having the capability of conveying parts without the use of additional material-handling apparatus are called integral transfer devices. (Kalpakjian, Smith; Manufacturing Engineering and Technology 4^th Edition; pg 1042)

Automated Inspection

Traditionally, individual parts and assemblies of parts have been manufactured in batches, sent to inspection in quality-control rooms (post-process inspection), and, if approved, put in inventory. If products do not pass the quality inspection, they are either scrapped or kept on the basis of having a certain acceptable deviation from the standart. Obviously, such a system lacks flexibility, requires the maintenance of an inventory, and inevitably results in the approval and passing of some defective parts.

In contrast, one of the trends in modern manufacturing is automated inspection. This method uses a variety of sensor systems that monitor the relevant parameters during the manufacturing process (on-line inspection). Then, using these measurements, the process automatically corrects itself to produce acceptable parts. Thus, further inspection on the part at another location in the plant is unnecessary. Parts may also be inspected immediately after they are produced (in-process inspection). (Kalpakjian, Smith; Manufacturing Engineering and Technology 4^th Edition ; pg 998)

Unilateral Tolerancing

A unilateral tolerance is one in which the variation from the specified dimension is permitted in only one direction, either negative or positive. (Mikell P. Groover; Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 3^rd Edition; pg 80)