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Green Design:
A major emphasis is on design for environment (DFE) or green design. This approach anticipates the possible adverse environmental impact of materials, products, and processes, so that it can be taken into account at the earliest stages of design and production. The main objectives are to prevent pollution at the source an to strongly promote recyclying and reuse instead of disposal.
(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R., Manufacturing Engineering and Technology,5th Edition, page.33)

Variant Procesess Planning (VPP):
The variant-process plan includes information such as the types of tools and machines to be used, the sequence of manufacturing operations to be performed, the speeds, the feeds, and the time required for each sequence. Minor modifications of an existing process plan (which usually are necessary) also can be made. In the variant system, if the standard plan for a particular part is not in computer files, a plan that is close to it (with a similar code number and an existing routing sheet) is retrieved. If a routing sheet does not exist, one is made for the new part and stored in computer memory.
(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R., Manufacturing Engineering and Technology,5th Edition, page.1205)

Machining Operation:
Machinig operations usually divide into two categories,distinguished by purpose and cutting conditions: roughing cuts and finishing cuts. Roughing cuts are used to remove large amounts of material from the starting workpart as rapidly as possible, in order to produce a shape close to the desired form, but leaving some material on the piece for a subsequent finishing operation.Finishing cuts are used to complete part and achieve the final dimensions, tolerances, surface finish.
(Mikell P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing:Materials,Processes, and Systems,4th Edition, page.488)

Boundary Representation (B-rep):
The boundary representation (B-rep) method is an extension of wireframe modeling in that the former includes the details of involved surface patches. A popular scheme employed is the Baumgart’s winged edge data structure for representation of solids. Though developed for polyhedrons, the Baumgart’s method is applicable to homeomorphic solids. That is, the primary B-rep data structure of a tetrahedron would be the same as that of a sphere over which a tetrahedron with curved edges is drawn. The difference would be that for a sphere, the edges and faces would be recorded as entities with finite curvature. The associated Euler-Poincaré formula is discussed next which is a topological result that ensures the validity of a wide range of polyhedral solids. Based on the Euler-Poincaré formula are the Euler operators for construction of polyhedral solids. Two groups of Euler operators are put to use, the MAKE and KILL groups for adding and deleting respectively. Euler operators are written as Mxyz or Kxyz for the Make and Kill groups respectively where x, y and z represent a vertex, edge, face, loop, shell or genus. Using Euler operators, every topologically valid polyhedron can be constructed from an initial polyhedron by a finite sequence of operations.
(Saxena A.,Sahay B.,Computer Aided Engineering Design,page.11)