ANSI
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has served in its capacity as administrator and coordinator of the United States private sector voluntary standardization system for more than 90 years. Founded in 1918 by five engineering societies and three government agencies, the Institute remains a private, nonprofit membership organization supported by a diverse constituency of private and public sector organizations.
Throughout its history, ANSI has maintained as its primary goal the enhancement of global competitiveness of U.S. business and the American quality of life by promoting and facilitating voluntary consensus standards and conformity assessment systems and promoting their integrity. The Institute represents the interests of its nearly 1,000 company, organization, government agency, institutional and international members through its office in New York City, and its headquarters in Washington, D.C.
(overview of the U.S standardization system 2.edition 2007 p.5 )
SIX AXIS MANUFACTURER
The motion of a rigid body in three-dimensional (3-D) space has six degrees of freedom. For incompletely specified spatial motion less than six freedoms are required. A robot with four actuated axes can guide a line in 3-D space; and a five-axis machine can guide a line segment for a specified pose. Industrial applications of these types are EDM wire cutting, grinding and polishing, arc welding, spray painting, pin insertion, etc. Many industrial robots designed for such jobs have only four or five axes. This is mainly due to the tools or objects for such jobs are symmetrical. The rotation of the tool about its own axis does not change the attitude of the tool. The tool can then be treated as a line segment. To guide a line passing through prescribed positions with a desired velocity is called the line guidance problem. People may encounter a problem to control five -axis robots to trace a motion path with desired velocity exactly. This is due to the solver of the robot using the common rigid body guidance method that is only suitable for general six-axis robots.
(Analysis of five-degree-of-freedom robot arms k.sugimoto 1983 p.23 )
PROCESS CONTROL
A field of engineering dealing with ways and means by which conditions of processes are brought to and maintained at desired values, and undesirable conditions are avoided as much as possible.In general , a process is understood to mean any system where material and energy streams are made to interact and to transform each other.
(MCGRAW-HILL encyclopedia of science & technology 6th edition v.14 p.335)
BALL MILLING
The ball mills can be divided into 2 types : centrifugal and planetary mills.
In a centrifugal ball mill, a single bowl fastener is merely horizontally and eccentrically driven while not rotating itself.In spite of this, the velocity of the grinding balls in this case is still six times that of the grinding balls in the gravity ball mills.
In planetary ball mills 2 or 4 bowl fasteners ,each of which accommodates one grinding bowls and supporting disc rotate in opposite directions, so that 2 different centrifugal forces act on the bowl contents.
(Powder metallurgy technology first edition 2002 p.34)
WIRE CUT
Wire cut or wire EDM : In wire electric discharge machining a wire (about 0.05-0.30 mm in diameter) is used as an electrode and deionized water as dielectric.A nozzle is employed to inject the dielectric in the machining area in wire EDM.
(Advanced machining processes Vijay k.jain 12 th edition 2010 p.165 )
Friction Stir Welding (FSW)
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding process that is gaining wide acceptance in industry, especially the shipbuilding, aerospace, mass transportation and automotive industries. FSW is particularly suited to those industries that use aluminium and its alloys. This authoritative book provides a comprehensive review of the subject of friction stir welding and covers topics such as process basics, equipment, modelling, inspection and quality control and applications.
(Friction stir welding from basics to applications D. Lohwasser, Z. Chen 2009 p.1)
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