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CNC Lathe

CNC lathes are widely used in making components with axisymmetric geometry. These are generally machined with 2-axis control. (Z-axis parallel to the spindle and X-axis perpendicular to spindle axis).Some CNC lathes have an additional Y-axis. CNC lathes are usually designed with a slant bed for easy removal of chips, at the same time maintaining the rigidity of a closed box structure. A chip conveyor (either magnetic or mechanical) is usually provided for easy chip disposal.
The control console is located on the front on top side. The spindle is driven usually by
an infinitely variable speed AC drive through a set of V-belts or poly belts. The high
power series motors employed provide almost constant power for a large portion of the speed range. High-speed machines usually have integral rotor spindles. AC servomotors drive the X and Z slides usually. Sliding doors (sometimes automatic) with bulletproof glass windows are provided for safety and visibility of the machining zone. Hydraulic chucks are provided for clamping the workpieces. CNC lathes, being high-speed machines require special highly accurate and well-balanced chucks. Tools are mounted in indexable turrets which can hold 8, 12 or 16 tools.

(CAD/CAM/CIM 3.edition, P. Radhakrishnan, S. Subrahmanyan, V. Raju, p.361)

Product liability

We are all familiar with consequences of a product's malfunction or failure, possibly causing bodily injury ( or even death) and financial lose to a person or a organisation.This important topic is referred to as product liability.Laws generally vary from state to state, adn from country to country.Designing and manufacturing safe products is an essential and integral aspect of a manufacturer's responsibilities.All those involved with product design, manufacture, and marketing must fully recognize the consequences of product failure,including failures occurring during possible misuse of the product.Numerous examples of products that involve liability can be cited, such as (a) grinding wheelthat shatters and blinds a worker; (b) a cable that snaps, allowing a platform to drop; (c)brakes that become inoperative because of the failure of a component; (d) machines with no guards or inappropriate guards;and (e)electrical and pneumatic tools withput proper warnings.

(Kalpakjian, Smith; Manufacturing Engineering and Technology,p. 39)

Preproduction Prototypes

Preproduction prototypes are the first products produced by the entire production process.At this point the production process is not yet operating at full capacity but is making limited quantities of the product.These prototypes are used to verify production process capability, are subjected to further testing, and are often supplied to preferred customers.Preproduction prototypes are sometimes called pilot-production prototypes.

(Kalpakjian, Smith; Manufacturing Engineering and Technology,p. 261)

Adjustable Force Clamping

The strain gage mounted on the clamp senses the magnitude of the clamping force.The system then adjusts this force to keep the workpiece securely clamped to the workpiece for the particular application.It also can prevent excessive clamping forces that otherwise may damage the workpiece surface, particularly if it is soft or slender.

(Kalpakjian, Smith; Manufacturing Engineering and Technology,p. 1177)