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Design for Disassembly (DFD):
The manner and ease with which a product may be taken apart for maintenance or replacement of its parts is another important consideration in product design. Consider for example, the difficulties one has in removing certain components from under the hood of some automobiles. Similar difficulties exist in the disassembly of several other products. Tha general approach to design for disassembly requires the consideration of factors that are similar to those outlined above for assembly. Analysis of computer or physical models of products and their components with regard to disassembly generally indicate any potential problems, such as obstructions, size of passageways, lack of line of sight, and the difficulty of firmly gripping and guiding objects.
An important aspect of design for disassembly is how, after its life cycle, a product is to be taken apart for recycling, especially the more valuable components. For example, note that depending on (a) their design and location, (b) the type of tools used, and (c) whether manual or power tools are used, rivets may take longer to remove than screws or snap fits and that a bonded layer of valuable material on a component would be very difficult ( if not impossible) to remove for recycling or reuse. Obviously, the longer it takes to take components apart, the higher is the cost of doing so. It then is possible that this cost becomes prohibitive. Consequently, the time required for disassembly has been studied and measured. Although it depands on the manner in which it is done, some examples are: cutting wire at 0.25 seconds; disconnecting wire at 1.5 seconds; snap fits and clips at 1 to 3 seconds; and screws and bolts at 0.15 to 0.6 seconds per revolution. ( Serope Kalpakjian/Steven R. Schmid - page: 1185)

Just in Time Production (JIT):
The principal of JIT is that supplies of raw materials, parts, and components are deliveried to the manufacturer just in time to be used, parts and components are produced just in time to be made into subassemblies and assemblies, and product are finished just in time to be delivered to the customer. As a result, invertory- carrying costs are low, part defects are detected right away, productivity is increased, and high- quality products are made at low cost. ( Serope Kalpakjian/Steven R. Schmid - page: 35 )

Group Technology( GT) :
The consept of group technology is that parts can be grouped and produced by classifying them into families, according to similarities in design and similarities in the manufacturing processes employed to produce the part. In this way, part designs and process plans can be standardized and families of similar parts can be produced effiently and economically. ( Serope Kalpakjian/Steven R. Schmid - page: 35)

FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System) :
These systems integrate manufacturing cells in to a large unit, all interfaced with a central computer. Although very costly, FMS is capable of efficiently producing parts in small runs and of changing manufacturing sequences an different parts quickly; this flexibility enables them to meet rapid changes in market demand for all types of products. ( Serope Kalpakjian/Steven R. Schmid - page: 35)