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ISO 9000 standard (Quality Management and Qualitu Assurance Standards) is a deliberately generic series of quality-system management standards. The ISO 9000 standard permanently has influenced the manner in which manufacturing companies conduct business in world trade and has become the world Standard for quality.

The ISO 9000 series includes the following standards:

ISO 9001-Quality systems: Model for quality assurance in design/development, production, installation, and servicing

ISO 9002-Quality systems: Model for quality assurance in production and installation.

ISO 9003- Quality systems: Model for quality assurance in final inspection and test.

ISO 9004- Quality management and qualit system elements: Guidelines.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 5th Edition, pg.1119)

Net-shape manufacturing. A particular manufacturing process may not produce a finished part, and thus additional operations may be necessary. For example, a forged part may not have the desired dimensions or surface finish; as a result, additional operations such as machining or grinding may be necessary. Likewise, it may be difficult, impossible, or uneconomical to produce a part with holes in it by using single manufacturing process, and thus a subsequent process may be required, suc as drilling or producing the hole using various advanced methods, such as chemical pr electrical means. Furthermore, the holes produced by a particular manufacturing processs may not have the proper roundness, dimensional accuracy, or surface finish, and thus they may require an additional operation, such as honing.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 5th Edition, pg.31)

Dimensional tolerance. This is defined as the permissible or acceptable variation in the dimensions ( height, width, depth, diameter, and angles) of a part. The root of the word “tolerance” is the Latin tolerare, meaning “to endure” or “put up with.” Tolerances are unavoidable, because it is virtually impossible ( and unnecessary) to manufacture two parts that have precisely the same dimensions.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 5th Edition, pg.1102)

Black Box Design. A component cost reduction strategy used effectively in the Japanese auto industry is called black box supplier design. Under this approach, the team provides a supplier with only black box description of the component- a description of what the component has to do, not how to achieve it( Clark and Fıjimoto, 1991). This kind of specification leaves the vendor with the widest possible latitude to design or select the component for minimum cost. And additional advantage of this approach is that it relieves the internal team of the responsibility to engineer and design the component. Successful black box development efforts require careful system-level design and extremely clear definitions of functions, interfaces, and interactions of each component.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 5th Edition, pg.223)