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Physical Prototype

Physical prototypes are tangible artifacts created to approximate the product. Aspects of the product of interest to the development team are actually built into an artifact for testing and experimentation. Examples of physical prototypes include models that look and feel like the product, proof-of-concept prototypes used to test an idea quickly, and experimental hardware used to validate the functionality of a product.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing engineering and technology, 5th Edition, page 247)

Analytical Prototype

Analytical prototypes represent the product in a nontangible, usually mathematical or visual, manner.  Interesting aspects of the product are analyzed, rather than built. Examples of analytical prototypes include computer simulations, systems of equations encoded within a spreadsheet, and computer models of three-dimensional geometry.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing engineering and technology, 5th Edition, page 247)

Kevlar

The most widely known aramid is Kevlar, formed by the reaction between 1,4-diaminobenzene and benzene—1,4-dioyl chloride. Molecules of Kevlar consist of benzene rings linked together by amide groups at diametrically opposed carbon atoms. For this reason Kevlar is classified as a para aramid, “para” being the term used to identify the relative positions of chemical groups on opposite sides of the same benzene ring.

Kevlar is resistant to abrasion, mildew, most solvents, and many common chemicals, such as fuels and lubricants. It retains most of these properties a temperatures as high as 350˚F (180˚C) and is difficult to ignite. Kevlar decomposes at around 7200˚F (4000˚C) without melting.

While the strength of Kevlar makes it an extremely useful material, it also makes it a difficult substance to cut and machine. Conventional cutting tools –serrated scissors, shears, and saws, for example- can be used provided due attention is paid to sharpness and the conditions of use. Advanced cutting tools, such as lasers and high-energy water jets, are better suited to the job.

A weak point of Kevlar, its low compressive strength, which makes it prone to crumble under large compressive forces, can be overcome by using Kevlar in composites with materials of high compressive strength, such as glass fiber.

(Cavendish M., How It Works: Science And Technology, 3^rd Edition, page 1805)

Gantry Robot

A gantry robot operates over a clearly defined rectangular area. It picks up objects from any point in the area and sets them down at another point in the area.

The tool (often a gripper) is suspended from a small trolley-like frame, and can be lowered and raised. The frame has wheels and runs on a pair of rails so that it can travel from one side to the opposite side. This set of rails is on a larger frame at right angles to the first set, so the smaller can be moved to any point within the area. Thus the location of the tool is defined by two coordinates, its x-position and y-position.

Gantry robots are used in industry when very heavy loads are to be handled.

(Bishop O., Robot Builder’s Cookbook, page 16)