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Nonsynchronous systems

Each station operates independently, and any imbalance is accommodated in storage (buffer) between stations. The station continues operating until the next buffer is full or the previous is empty. Furthermore, if one station becomes inoperative for some reason, the assembly line continues to operate until all the partsin the buffer have been used up. Nonsynchronous systems are suitable for large assemblies with many parts to be assembled. If the times required for the individual assembly operations vary significantly, the output will be constrained by the slowest station.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing engineering and technology, 5th Edition, p 1182)

Visual sensing

In visual sensing, cameras optically sense the presence and shape of the object. A microprocessor then processes the image (usually in less than one second), the image is measured, and the measurements are digitized (image recognition). There are two basic systems of machine vision: linear array and matrix array.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing engineering and technology, 5th Edition, p 1173)

Job shop

Job shops typically produce small quantities per year using various standard general-purpose machine tools (stand-alone machines) or machining centers. The operations performed typically have high part variety – meaning that different parts can be produced in a short time without extensive changes in tooling and in operations. On the other hand, machinery in job shops generally requires skilled labor to operate and production quantities and rates are low. As a result, production cost per part is high. When parts involve a large labor component, the production is called labor intensitive.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing engineering and technology, 5th Edition, p 1149)

Computer-aided manufacturing

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) involves the use of computers to assist in all phases of manufacturing a product. Because of the joint benefits, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing often are combined into CAD/CAM systems. This combination allows the transfer of information from the design stage into the stage of planning for manufacture without the need to reenter the data on part geometry manually. The database devoloped during CAD is stored and processed further by CAM nto the necessary data and instructions for operating and controlling production machinery, material-handling equipment, and automated testing and inspection for product quality. CAD/CAM systems also are capable of coding and classifying parts into groups that have similar shapes using alphanumeric coding.

(Kalpakjian S., Schmid S.R.,Manufacturing engineering and technology, 5th Edition, p 1203)