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Control numerical control (CNC)

First implemented in the early 1950s, this is a method of controlling the movements of machine components by direct insertion of coded instructions in the form of numerical data.

(Kalpakjian S. , Schmid S.R. , Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, p. 34)

Artificial intelligence (AI)

This important field involves the use of machines and computers to replace human intelligence. Computer-controlled systems are now capable of learning from experience and of making decisions that optimize operations and minimize costs.

(Kalpakjian S. , Schmid S.R. , Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, p. 35)

Numerical control (NC)

Numerical control (NC) is a method of controlling the movements of machine components by directly inserting coded instructions in the form of numbers and letters into the system. The system automatically interprets these data and converts them to output signals. These signals, in turn, control various machine components, such as turning spindles on and off, changing tools, moving the workpiece or the tools along specific paths, and turning cutting fluids on and off.

(Kalpakjian S. , Schmid S.R. , Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, p. 1153)

Adaptive control (AC)

Adaptive control (AC) is basically a dynamic-feedback system in which the operating parameters automatically adapt themselves to comform to new circumstances. Human reactions to occurrences in everyday life already contain dynamic-feedback control. For example, driving a car on a smooth road is relatively easy, and we need to make few (if any) adjustments. However, on a rough road, we may have to steer to avoid potholes by visually and continuously observing the condition of the road. Also, our body feels the car’s rough movements and vibrations; we than react by changing the direction and/or the speed of the car to minimize the effects of the rough road and to increase the comfort of the ride.

(Kalpakjian S. , Schmid S.R. , Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, p. 1161)